Biology Semester 1
By DIlanny Perez
WHat we learned this semester
How to know if something is alive or not alive (characteristics of living and non living)
Define Living Organisms (animals, plants, fungi)
Historical development and changing nature of Classification system
Classififcation of living organisms
Phylogenic trees
living or non-living
- 1. Characteristics of living things
-it grows -it consumes - it reproduces -it's dependent on other things -it eventually dies - it isn't man-made - it evolves -it's has a funtion/system to survive (there can be a couple exceptions with list like 2. Non-living things can have SOME characteristics of living things but not all of them
Defining living organism
Animals
Animals have organs, blood,exhale CO2, and are vertebrate or Invertebrate
Plants
Plants reproduce with seeds, they can have flowers and release O2
-Rough endoplasmic Reticulum -Chroloplast -Gogi apparatus -Ribosomes -nucleus -mitochodrion
Plant Cell
-Nucleus Containinf DNA-Oil droplets -Glycogen Granules
Fungal Cell
-Perixosome-Cell wall -Membrane -Chloroplast
Plant cell
Both
- Lysosme-Nuclear Membrane -Nucleolus -Golgi vesicle -Centrioles -Smooth Endoplasmic-reticulum
Animal cell
Both
-Nucleus -Cytoplasm -Golgi Apparatus -vacuole -ribosomes -Mitochondrion -Rough endoplasmic reticulum
-Vacluole -Cytoplasm -Membrane -Cell Wall
Fungal Cell
-Centrioles-Golgi Vesicles -Golgi apparatus -Nucleolus -Lysosme
Animal cell
-Cell Wall-Oil Droplets -Glycogen Granules
Both
-Cytoplasm -Cell Membrane -Vacuole -Nucleus
Historical Development of classification systems
- The first Classification system was by Aristotle (Greek philosopher)
- He divided living things into two groups, Non-motle (plants) and Motile (animals)
- Carolus linnaeus expanded Aristotle's system into kingdoms
- We have Five kingdom: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, and Monera
- Every organism has two names: Genus & Species
- Charels Darwin then made changes in this system in 1800's with anatomical features
Classification of living organisms
We divide living things in different ways. The largest overall way to divide/classify living things is by Kingdoms which are Plants, Animals, etc. Another way to do it is by Phylum like reptiles. Next are classes like snakes, turtles, and lizards. Lastly are species like Anolis. This helps scientists understand animals and figure out how they are related.
Phylogenic trees
phylogenic trees are like family trees. Phylogenies show the path of evolution and relatedness of species. They help understand evolution on a larger scale. You read phylogenic trees from the Root (which is at the bottom) and read up toward the tips. The closer you are to the tips, the closer you are to time. When you follow a line you get to a Speciation (when lineage split). This shows that an event has happened which causes a change. Each lineage has its own unique history & parts shared with another lineage. Phylogenic trees have clades. Clades are grouping that includes common ancestor. Other parts of a Phylogenic tree are internal nodes and terminal nodes. Internal nodes represent other common ancestors in the tree (it indicates diversification of species too) and Terminal nodes represent current organisms. A Branch is just a part of the evolutionary tree and sister taxa is when two branches come DIRECTLY from a common ancestor. An Ingroup shows species with a common characteristic relevant to the tree while an outgroup is a species in the tree but doesn't fit in well with the specific classification. This reminds scientists that an animal that looks different can still be related to other animals.
Phylogenic trees Part 2
-Topology is the order in which branches occur.(you never read across tips.) -Cladistics classifies organisms based on evolution relatedness -In a cladogram, the branch lengths aren't significant. Only the topology matters - In a phylogram, the branch length MATTERS. the length shows the time/quality of divergence - Monophyletic group /clade has common ancestor and all their descendants -Paraphyletic group shows a recent common ancestor, but not all of the descendants are included --polyphyletic groups show recent common anccestors but doesn't include distant relatives. -Soft polytomy is when the pattern of branches is unknown
Biology
Dilanny Perez
Created on December 12, 2022
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Transcript
Biology Semester 1
By DIlanny Perez
WHat we learned this semester
How to know if something is alive or not alive (characteristics of living and non living)
Define Living Organisms (animals, plants, fungi)
Historical development and changing nature of Classification system
Classififcation of living organisms
Phylogenic trees
living or non-living
- 1. Characteristics of living things
-it grows -it consumes - it reproduces -it's dependent on other things -it eventually dies - it isn't man-made - it evolves -it's has a funtion/system to survive (there can be a couple exceptions with list like 2. Non-living things can have SOME characteristics of living things but not all of themDefining living organism
Animals
Animals have organs, blood,exhale CO2, and are vertebrate or Invertebrate
Plants
Plants reproduce with seeds, they can have flowers and release O2
-Rough endoplasmic Reticulum -Chroloplast -Gogi apparatus -Ribosomes -nucleus -mitochodrion
Plant Cell
-Nucleus Containinf DNA-Oil droplets -Glycogen Granules
Fungal Cell
-Perixosome-Cell wall -Membrane -Chloroplast
Plant cell
Both
- Lysosme-Nuclear Membrane -Nucleolus -Golgi vesicle -Centrioles -Smooth Endoplasmic-reticulum
Animal cell
Both
-Nucleus -Cytoplasm -Golgi Apparatus -vacuole -ribosomes -Mitochondrion -Rough endoplasmic reticulum
-Vacluole -Cytoplasm -Membrane -Cell Wall
Fungal Cell
-Centrioles-Golgi Vesicles -Golgi apparatus -Nucleolus -Lysosme
Animal cell
-Cell Wall-Oil Droplets -Glycogen Granules
Both
-Cytoplasm -Cell Membrane -Vacuole -Nucleus
Historical Development of classification systems
Classification of living organisms
We divide living things in different ways. The largest overall way to divide/classify living things is by Kingdoms which are Plants, Animals, etc. Another way to do it is by Phylum like reptiles. Next are classes like snakes, turtles, and lizards. Lastly are species like Anolis. This helps scientists understand animals and figure out how they are related.
Phylogenic trees
phylogenic trees are like family trees. Phylogenies show the path of evolution and relatedness of species. They help understand evolution on a larger scale. You read phylogenic trees from the Root (which is at the bottom) and read up toward the tips. The closer you are to the tips, the closer you are to time. When you follow a line you get to a Speciation (when lineage split). This shows that an event has happened which causes a change. Each lineage has its own unique history & parts shared with another lineage. Phylogenic trees have clades. Clades are grouping that includes common ancestor. Other parts of a Phylogenic tree are internal nodes and terminal nodes. Internal nodes represent other common ancestors in the tree (it indicates diversification of species too) and Terminal nodes represent current organisms. A Branch is just a part of the evolutionary tree and sister taxa is when two branches come DIRECTLY from a common ancestor. An Ingroup shows species with a common characteristic relevant to the tree while an outgroup is a species in the tree but doesn't fit in well with the specific classification. This reminds scientists that an animal that looks different can still be related to other animals.
Phylogenic trees Part 2
-Topology is the order in which branches occur.(you never read across tips.) -Cladistics classifies organisms based on evolution relatedness -In a cladogram, the branch lengths aren't significant. Only the topology matters - In a phylogram, the branch length MATTERS. the length shows the time/quality of divergence - Monophyletic group /clade has common ancestor and all their descendants -Paraphyletic group shows a recent common ancestor, but not all of the descendants are included --polyphyletic groups show recent common anccestors but doesn't include distant relatives. -Soft polytomy is when the pattern of branches is unknown