Artificial Intelligence Timeline

Roxie Baumgartner

Artificial Intelligence Timeline

Today, researchers use AI to improve predictions, diagnoses, and treatments for mental illnesses.

1885

1943

Hermann Ebbinghaus, a Psychologist at the University of Berlin, measured properties of the mind.Experiement/Theory: "What is the time course of forgetting?"

Neurons Go Artificial:Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" which discusses networks of simplified artificial "neurons" & how they might perform simple logical function, later becomes the inspiration for "neural networks" and "deep learning."

1956

1763

John McCarthy, a college mathematics professor at Dartmouth defined the "artificial intelligence approach as 'making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving." The Dartmouth Conference on Artificial Intelligence was held.

Thinking in Numbers:Thomas Bayes developed a framework for reasoning about the probability of events, using math to update the probability of a hypothesis as more information becomes available.

Some scientists favored the "top-down" approach: pre-programming a computer with the rules that govern human behavior. Others preferred a "bottom-up" approach, such as neural networks that simulated brain cells and learned new behaviors. Over time, the "top-down" approach dominated, and scientists like Marvin Minksy won substantial funding from the United States' government, who hoped this new technology might give them the upper hand in the Cold War.

Science Fiction Steers the Conversation:"I Robot" by Isaac Asimov was published. His work helped to inspire roboticists and scientists.

Franciscus Donders, a Dutch Psychologist, conducted one of the first experiments in cognitive psychology. Experiment/Theory: How long does it take to make a decision? This was done by measuring simple and choice reaction times

World War II Inspries New Thinking:Alan Turing and Grey Walter tackled the challenges of intelligent machines as they traded ideas. Walter built some of the first ever robots, and Turing invented the Turing Test which set the bar for an intelligence machine.

1950

Thomas Bayes

1868

1942

Roxie Baumgartner

Artificial Intelligence Timeline

Man VS Machine:Supercomputer Deep Blue took on world chess champion Garry Kasparov. It won the contest, being able to come up with 200 million positions a second and think strategically. Some say this is the AI "coming of age" moment.

1956 cont.

George Miller, a psychologist at Harvard, invented the Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two Theory: "There are limits to the human's ability to process information 7x."

1959

2008

1997

Noam Chomsky, a linguist at Massachusetts Institute of TechContribution: Critical Review of B.F.Skinner's "Verbal Behavior" Experiment/Theory: "Language development is an inborn biological program that is consistent across cultures."

The Google app with speech recognition appeared on the new Apple iPhone. Speech recognition is one of AI's key goals and it was available on an iPhone app.

Contributor: Sian Beilock/Thomas CarrBackground: Michigan State University Contribution: Following a trial in research settings Experiment/Theory: "Choking under pressure" Using practical applications to help people cope w/ pressure or study more effectively

Donald Broadbent, a British Psychologist, made a flow diagram of the mind. Experiment/Theory: Measuring attention to information. This opened the way to theories of information processing, an important branch of cognitive psychology which seeks to explain how human intelligence works.

Contributor: Ulrich NeisserBackground: Psychological Research Contribution: First cognitive psychology textbook

First Robot for the Home:An autonomous vacuum cleaner called Roomba comes out. Its few layers of behavior-generating systems were simpler than other algorithms, but had enough intelligence to reliably and efficiently vacuum a home.

1967

2002

1958

2010

Roxie Baumgartner

Artificial Intelligence Timeline

Man Vs. Machine:IBM's Watson took on the human brain on the show Jeopardy. Its makers trained the machine for more than 3 years to recognize patterns in questions and answers. Watson defeated its opponents - the two best performers of all time on the show.

Machines Reflect Our Consciousness:Memo Akten uses technology to reflect on humanity and explore how we make sense of the world.

Partnership on AI:Founded to conduct research, share insights, and create educational material that advances the understanding of AI tech including perception, learning, and automated reasoning.

AIArtists.org Charts the FutureTechnology is accelerating so fast that it's difficult to keep up. What does the future hold for neural networks and consciousness?

The Painting Fool:Brainchild of Simon Colton, who suggested that rather than simply being able to converse in a human manner, an artificially intelligent artist would have to behave in ways such as "skillfull, appreciative, and imaginative."

2019

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2013