UNIT 4. THE ECONOMIC SECTORS
PRIMARY SECTOR
A declining sector
- For decades, the primary sector´s importance ineconomy has been declining in almost every country.
- The percentage of people working in the primary sector and the sector´s contribution to GDP are decreasing.
- Despite this, productivity in this sector has increased due to mechanisation of primary sector activities.
The main activities in the primary sector are:
1.1.
AGRICULTURE
What is agriculture?
Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants. Physical factors such as climate, relief and soil can either help or make it difficult to grow plants. However, nowadays there are cultivation systems and technologies (very expensive) that allow crops to be grown in areas that would usually be consider unsuitable.
CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
- The main type of agriculture in developed regions is called commercial agriculture.
- Its main goal is to obtain maximun profit.
- Farmers cultivate only one product (monoculture) with modern methods (mechanisation, fertilisers, genetically modified crops..), products can be carried long distances at a low cost.
- As a result, productivity is high and it does not depend on physical factors.
- In the most developed countries, consumption of organic products (also known as "eco" or "bio") is increasing.
Read article about Crop Modification Techniques
Read article about What is organic food?
AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING OR LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
- The main type of agriculture in less developed regions is traditional agriculture.
- Its main goal is subsistence (*subsistencia, sustento).
- Farmers cultivate several products (polyculture) they use very few machines mostly is human labour.
- As a result, productivity is low and it depends on physical factors.
- In less developed countries there is also commercial agriculture, they are called plantations.
Watch Video: NEW Farming vs OLD Farming.. Whats The Difference?And take notes in your notebook.
Plantations are large pieces of land where crops such as rubber, coffee, tea, or sugar are grown. They are located in less developed tropical countries, mainly in Africa, Central and South America, India and south-east Asia.
The earliest plantations were established by European colonist between the 16th and 19th centuries. Crops could be obtained that did not grow in Europe, such as cocoa, coffee and cotton.
Their main goal is high productivity, only one product is grown (monoculture) and the production it all exported to other countries. The main crops produced today are Coffee in Brazil and Ethiopia, tea in India and rubber in Indonesia and Malaysia.
It requires large extensions of land, considerable capital investment, a good transport network, abundant cheap labour and modern machinery and techniques.
The number and size of plantations has grown as a result of economic globalisation. They are mostly controlled by multinational companies whose only interest is the money.
Their benefits are: - For multinational companies: production costs are very low because workers in less developed countries are paid low wages. - For less developed countries: jobs are created, local economy is stimulated, transport infrastructures are improved, modern farming techniques and production processes are introduced.
Their disadvantages are: - Most of plantations´ profits go to foreign companies. - Small farmers cannot compete and they have to leave their lands and work on plantations. - Plantations cause severe environment impact, unemployment . - Plantations can cause unemployment and poverty if the products´ prizes drop, because wages depend on them.
Watch Video: The dark side of chocolate (VOLUNTARY)
Exercise page 107
Read the article here
Read the article here
1.2.
LIVESTOCK FARMING
What is livestock farming?
Livestock farming consists of raising animals for:- Food (meat, milk, eggs…). - Other economic purposes (leather). - Source of labour (*mano de obra). - Breeding (*cría).
Livestock farming is a growing activity:Half of the habitable surface area of the planet is used for agriculture and livestock farming. 77% of this land is devoted to pastures and crops to feed livestock (called fodder *forraje) Meat prodution and consumption are expected to double by 2050. Demand for milk is also forecast to rise significantly. The main meat producers are the USA, Brazil, the EU and China.
There are two types of livestock farming:
The intensive farming debateADVANTAGES:
In the last century, scientific research has led to the development of intensive farming which is: - More profitable - Feeds more people - Lower the prices of products.
The intensive farming debateDISADVANTAGES
However, intensive farming is cricised for:- The environmental impact: the animal waste, fertilisers and pesticides used on fodder crops, contaminate the soil, atmosphere and water. In addition, farms consume large amounts of energy and water. - The adverse effect on people´s health: Contamination and the antibiotics and hormones given to animals to prevent illnesses and stimulate their growth can be harmful to humans. - The treatment of animals: Industrial-scale farms, animal confinement and overcrowding, causes animals suffer.
An increasing number of people prefer to consume organic livestock products.
Read the article "Animal welfare is one of the most important aspects of organic farming"
1.3.
FISHING
What is fishing?
Fishing is the catching of fish and other animals from seas, rivers or lakes. Today, 85% of catches are for human consumption, the rest is used to make oil and fishmeal (*harina de pescado). China has both the highest fish production and the highest consumption of fish products.
Fish farms (*piscifactorías) Aquaculture (*acuicultura = Técnica de dirigir y fomentar la reproducción de peces, moluscos y algas en agua dulce o salada)
Watch Video: Will the ocean ever run out of fish? and write your opinion in your notebook.
SECONDARY SECTOR
2.1.
MINING
Mining refers to the different activities involved in extracting minerals from their deposits. It is a primary sector activity because products are obtained from nature. However, it is liked to the secondary sector because it provides essential raw materials for industry and construction.
Exercise page 113
Watch video:In what ways do you interact with minerals in your daily life? And write your opinion in your notebook
Problems of mining
Mining poses significant environmental and socio-economic problems:- Mining changes the natural landscape and pollutes soil and water. - Excessive mineral consumption can use up resources. - In poor countries, mining causes armed and social conflicts, such as struggles for control of mineral deposits, corruption, etc.
Write down these questions in your notebook (leave space for the answers!):
- ¿Cuándo ocurrió la Guerra del Coltán en África?
- ¿Cuánta gente murió?
- ¿Se terminaron los problemas una vez firmada la paz?
- ¿A dónde van los minerales que salen del Congo (África)?
- En la zona del Congo están los países más pobres del mundo cuando tienen una de las mayores riquezas naturales mundiales, ¿qué explicación dan en el vídeo?
- ¿Qué son los grupos rebeldes?
- ¿En qué influye la creación de la Playstation PS1 en 1994?
- ¿Qué permite el Coltán en nuestros móviles?
- ¿Qué diferencia hay entre una mina de coltán verde y una roja?
- ¿Los trabajadores tienen medidas de seguridad?
- ¿Qué precio tiene el kilo de Coltán extraído en una mina verde del Congo?
- ¿Cuánto aumenta el precio del kilo de Coltán en un país desarrollado?
- ¿Cuántas horas trabajan al día un trabajador en la mina?
- ¿Cuánto ganan?
- ¿Saben los trabajadores que con los minerales que ellos extraen de forma tan barata hay empresas que ganan muchísimo dinero?
- Escribe un párrafo final con tu opinión tras haber visto el vídeo.
Watch video:La lucha por el coltán en el Congo And answer the questions
2.2.
ENERGY
ENERGY SOURCES
Energy sources are the natural resources people use to otain the energy they need to do their normal activities: heating the home, running industrial machines and transport, etc.
Exercise page 119
Exercise: copy this outline and complete it with the videos´info
Watch video:Non-renewable Energy Sources and complete the outline
Watch video:Renewable Energy Sources and complete the outline
2.3.
INDUSTRY
What is industry? Industry includes all operations whose purpose is to transform raw materials into finished products. It is the most important economic activity of the secondary sector.Although humans began to manufacture tools in prehistoric times, we only use the term industry when machines and energy are used in the production process, and when these processes take place in factories.
Who are the leading industrial producers?China has become the world's leading industrial power, followed by United States and Japan. The European Union is also one of the world´s greatest industrial regions. The BRICS take their name from the first letter of the countries Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa. Together, these five countries account for around 27% of the world's industrial production. Also, the Pacific area is home to strong economies: the so-called Asian Dragons (Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea).
Offshoring (*deslocalización) is when a business moves part or all of its production processes to another country. The aim is to reduce costs (salaries, raw materials, energy, etc.) in order to be more competitive in the market and increase profits. It became widespread in the 1990s. Recently, some companies have started a return to their countries of origin (reshoring *reubicación)
Consequences of industrial offshoring?
Watch video:Walk in My Shoes: Nike's Sweatshops and write your opinion in your notebook
TERTIARY SECTOR
There are a great variety of services, all of them have one thing in common: they provide people, businesses adn institutions with intangible goods. Services can be classified depending on who provides the service:
3.1.
TRADE
There are two main types of trade: - Domestic trade (*comercio interior) - Foreign trade (*comercio exterior)
Domestic trade It takes place within a country´s borders. It distributes domestic products (produced inside the country) and foreign products throughout the territory. Trade is carried out by two different groups opf traders: - Wholesalers (*mayoristas) - Retailers (*minoristas)
Foreign trade It takes place with other countries. - Imports (*importaciones): are the products that a country purchases (*compra, adquiere) from other countries. - Exports (*exportaciones): are the products that a country sells to other countries.
The difference between the value of imports and exports determines wether a country´s balance of trade (*balanza comercial) is positive or negative.
World trade is regulated by agreements between countries and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) (*Organización Mundial del Comercio). Nearly all the countries in the world belong to this organisation.
The European Union is the world´s largest trading power. More that 20% of the world´s exports are from EU. The Unites States and the European Union are important trading partners, trade between them amounts to 2,000 million euros each day!!!
3.2.
TRANSPORT
Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. There are two elements involved in this service:
- Infrastructures (*infraestructuras): are the elements necessary for transport such as roads, railways, airports and ports.
- Means of transport (*medios de transporte): are the different vehicles used for travel (cars, trains, planes or boats).
Transport is responsible for 20% of total carbon dioxide ( CO2) (*dióxido de carbono) emissions, one of the main greenhouse gases. In more advanced countries, this percentage is even higher. In addition to CO2, it emits other gases such as carbon monoxide (*monóxido de carbono), nitrogen oxide (* óxido de nitrógeno), hydrocarbons (*hidrocarburos) and lead (*plomo). Road transport accounts for more than 70% of the total volume of greenhouse gas emissions. The most polluting means of transport is the airplane (285 grams of CO2 per person per kilometre travelled) and the least polluting is the train (14 grams).
Exercise page 161
3.3.
TOURISM
Tourism consists of the activities the people do for pleasure during their travels. It is classified according to two criteria:
Tourism grew rapidly in the second half of the 20th century, when developed countries experienced a period of high economic growth, and tourism became a mass phenomenon. Main factors: - The right to paid holiday (*vacaciones pagadas). - Reduction in the cost of transport (low-cost airlines, 1971). - Birth of the Internet (since 1983). - Rise of the middle class in emerging countries. - Wider range of destinations.
Exercise page 174
Thanks!
3º ESO UNIT 4. THE ECONOMIC SECTORS
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Transcript
UNIT 4. THE ECONOMIC SECTORS
PRIMARY SECTOR
A declining sector
The main activities in the primary sector are:
1.1.
AGRICULTURE
What is agriculture?
Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants. Physical factors such as climate, relief and soil can either help or make it difficult to grow plants. However, nowadays there are cultivation systems and technologies (very expensive) that allow crops to be grown in areas that would usually be consider unsuitable.
CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Read article about Crop Modification Techniques
Read article about What is organic food?
AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING OR LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Watch Video: NEW Farming vs OLD Farming.. Whats The Difference?And take notes in your notebook.
Plantations are large pieces of land where crops such as rubber, coffee, tea, or sugar are grown. They are located in less developed tropical countries, mainly in Africa, Central and South America, India and south-east Asia.
The earliest plantations were established by European colonist between the 16th and 19th centuries. Crops could be obtained that did not grow in Europe, such as cocoa, coffee and cotton.
Their main goal is high productivity, only one product is grown (monoculture) and the production it all exported to other countries. The main crops produced today are Coffee in Brazil and Ethiopia, tea in India and rubber in Indonesia and Malaysia.
It requires large extensions of land, considerable capital investment, a good transport network, abundant cheap labour and modern machinery and techniques.
The number and size of plantations has grown as a result of economic globalisation. They are mostly controlled by multinational companies whose only interest is the money.
Their benefits are: - For multinational companies: production costs are very low because workers in less developed countries are paid low wages. - For less developed countries: jobs are created, local economy is stimulated, transport infrastructures are improved, modern farming techniques and production processes are introduced.
Their disadvantages are: - Most of plantations´ profits go to foreign companies. - Small farmers cannot compete and they have to leave their lands and work on plantations. - Plantations cause severe environment impact, unemployment . - Plantations can cause unemployment and poverty if the products´ prizes drop, because wages depend on them.
Watch Video: The dark side of chocolate (VOLUNTARY)
Exercise page 107
Read the article here
Read the article here
1.2.
LIVESTOCK FARMING
What is livestock farming?
Livestock farming consists of raising animals for:- Food (meat, milk, eggs…). - Other economic purposes (leather). - Source of labour (*mano de obra). - Breeding (*cría).
Livestock farming is a growing activity:Half of the habitable surface area of the planet is used for agriculture and livestock farming. 77% of this land is devoted to pastures and crops to feed livestock (called fodder *forraje) Meat prodution and consumption are expected to double by 2050. Demand for milk is also forecast to rise significantly. The main meat producers are the USA, Brazil, the EU and China.
There are two types of livestock farming:
The intensive farming debateADVANTAGES:
In the last century, scientific research has led to the development of intensive farming which is: - More profitable - Feeds more people - Lower the prices of products.
The intensive farming debateDISADVANTAGES
However, intensive farming is cricised for:- The environmental impact: the animal waste, fertilisers and pesticides used on fodder crops, contaminate the soil, atmosphere and water. In addition, farms consume large amounts of energy and water. - The adverse effect on people´s health: Contamination and the antibiotics and hormones given to animals to prevent illnesses and stimulate their growth can be harmful to humans. - The treatment of animals: Industrial-scale farms, animal confinement and overcrowding, causes animals suffer.
An increasing number of people prefer to consume organic livestock products.
Read the article "Animal welfare is one of the most important aspects of organic farming"
1.3.
FISHING
What is fishing?
Fishing is the catching of fish and other animals from seas, rivers or lakes. Today, 85% of catches are for human consumption, the rest is used to make oil and fishmeal (*harina de pescado). China has both the highest fish production and the highest consumption of fish products.
Fish farms (*piscifactorías) Aquaculture (*acuicultura = Técnica de dirigir y fomentar la reproducción de peces, moluscos y algas en agua dulce o salada)
Watch Video: Will the ocean ever run out of fish? and write your opinion in your notebook.
SECONDARY SECTOR
2.1.
MINING
Mining refers to the different activities involved in extracting minerals from their deposits. It is a primary sector activity because products are obtained from nature. However, it is liked to the secondary sector because it provides essential raw materials for industry and construction.
Exercise page 113
Watch video:In what ways do you interact with minerals in your daily life? And write your opinion in your notebook
Problems of mining
Mining poses significant environmental and socio-economic problems:- Mining changes the natural landscape and pollutes soil and water. - Excessive mineral consumption can use up resources. - In poor countries, mining causes armed and social conflicts, such as struggles for control of mineral deposits, corruption, etc.
Write down these questions in your notebook (leave space for the answers!):
Watch video:La lucha por el coltán en el Congo And answer the questions
2.2.
ENERGY
ENERGY SOURCES
Energy sources are the natural resources people use to otain the energy they need to do their normal activities: heating the home, running industrial machines and transport, etc.
Exercise page 119
Exercise: copy this outline and complete it with the videos´info
Watch video:Non-renewable Energy Sources and complete the outline
Watch video:Renewable Energy Sources and complete the outline
2.3.
INDUSTRY
What is industry? Industry includes all operations whose purpose is to transform raw materials into finished products. It is the most important economic activity of the secondary sector.Although humans began to manufacture tools in prehistoric times, we only use the term industry when machines and energy are used in the production process, and when these processes take place in factories.
Who are the leading industrial producers?China has become the world's leading industrial power, followed by United States and Japan. The European Union is also one of the world´s greatest industrial regions. The BRICS take their name from the first letter of the countries Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa. Together, these five countries account for around 27% of the world's industrial production. Also, the Pacific area is home to strong economies: the so-called Asian Dragons (Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea).
Offshoring (*deslocalización) is when a business moves part or all of its production processes to another country. The aim is to reduce costs (salaries, raw materials, energy, etc.) in order to be more competitive in the market and increase profits. It became widespread in the 1990s. Recently, some companies have started a return to their countries of origin (reshoring *reubicación)
Consequences of industrial offshoring?
Watch video:Walk in My Shoes: Nike's Sweatshops and write your opinion in your notebook
TERTIARY SECTOR
There are a great variety of services, all of them have one thing in common: they provide people, businesses adn institutions with intangible goods. Services can be classified depending on who provides the service:
3.1.
TRADE
There are two main types of trade: - Domestic trade (*comercio interior) - Foreign trade (*comercio exterior)
Domestic trade It takes place within a country´s borders. It distributes domestic products (produced inside the country) and foreign products throughout the territory. Trade is carried out by two different groups opf traders: - Wholesalers (*mayoristas) - Retailers (*minoristas)
Foreign trade It takes place with other countries. - Imports (*importaciones): are the products that a country purchases (*compra, adquiere) from other countries. - Exports (*exportaciones): are the products that a country sells to other countries.
The difference between the value of imports and exports determines wether a country´s balance of trade (*balanza comercial) is positive or negative.
World trade is regulated by agreements between countries and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) (*Organización Mundial del Comercio). Nearly all the countries in the world belong to this organisation.
The European Union is the world´s largest trading power. More that 20% of the world´s exports are from EU. The Unites States and the European Union are important trading partners, trade between them amounts to 2,000 million euros each day!!!
3.2.
TRANSPORT
Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. There are two elements involved in this service:
- Infrastructures (*infraestructuras): are the elements necessary for transport such as roads, railways, airports and ports.
- Means of transport (*medios de transporte): are the different vehicles used for travel (cars, trains, planes or boats).
Transport is responsible for 20% of total carbon dioxide ( CO2) (*dióxido de carbono) emissions, one of the main greenhouse gases. In more advanced countries, this percentage is even higher. In addition to CO2, it emits other gases such as carbon monoxide (*monóxido de carbono), nitrogen oxide (* óxido de nitrógeno), hydrocarbons (*hidrocarburos) and lead (*plomo). Road transport accounts for more than 70% of the total volume of greenhouse gas emissions. The most polluting means of transport is the airplane (285 grams of CO2 per person per kilometre travelled) and the least polluting is the train (14 grams).
Exercise page 161
3.3.
TOURISM
Tourism consists of the activities the people do for pleasure during their travels. It is classified according to two criteria:
Tourism grew rapidly in the second half of the 20th century, when developed countries experienced a period of high economic growth, and tourism became a mass phenomenon. Main factors: - The right to paid holiday (*vacaciones pagadas). - Reduction in the cost of transport (low-cost airlines, 1971). - Birth of the Internet (since 1983). - Rise of the middle class in emerging countries. - Wider range of destinations.
Exercise page 174
Thanks!