Unit 4: Middle ages in the Iberian Peninsula

Unit 4:

The Middle Ages in the iberian peninsula

1. Al andalus

For eight centuries there was a Muslim empire in the Iberian Peninsula, sometimes in struggle, sometimes in peace, and even in alliance with the Christian kingdoms of the north.

The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 711.

TIME LINE:

The independent Emirate of Córdoba (756-929)

The Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) .

The taifa states (1031-1086)

The Almoravids and the Almohads (1086-1212)

Copy the time line in your notebook. Book page 71

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1212-1492)

1.1. The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

In 711, the Muslims rapidly conquered the most of Iberian Peninsula and called their new territory Al- Andalus, and made Cordoba its capital.

• Why it was so easy and fast? (Book, page 68)

Causes

It was also possible by the civil war between rival groups of the Visigoth nobility. In 711, one faction request help from Musa, a Muslim ruler in North Africa.

In part, the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was a continuation of the Islamic expansion across the Mediterranean region

Finally, the Muslim defeated the Visigoth King Rodrigo in the Battle of Guadalete.

Activity: Explain the map "The Muslim Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula:

• Activites 1, 2 and 3 of the book page 68.

1.2. The independent emirate of cordoba (756-929)

The Prince Abd al Rahman escape to the Iberian Peninsula, after most of his family were killed when the Abbasid dynasty took the power in Damascus. As Abd al Rahman I, he founded the independet Emirate of Cordoba in 756.

1.3. The Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031)

• The Caliphate of Córdoba was created by …………………who became its caliph.
• Abd al Rahman III ………………… by repressing internal revolt and resisting the .............................. in the north of Iberian Peninsula.
• The city of ……………. , one of the most populous in the world, became a giant ....................... and a great............................

Activity: Explain the map The Caliphate and the raids of Al-Mansur, 10th century (book, page 69).

• Activities 4 and 5 page 68.

1.4. The taifa states (Los reinos de Taifas) (1031-1086)

After the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031, Al Andalus split into small independent Muslim states called taifas.

The Christian kingdoms took advantage of the lack of unity of Al Andalus and attacked the taifas and forced their rulers to pay parias or tribute.

Taifas

Homework: Explain the following terms:

• Taifas
• Parias

Parias

1.5. The Almoravids and thE Almohads (Los almoravides y almohades) (1086-1212)

Twice Al Andalus received military assistance from Berber* (bereber) Muslim empire in North Africa:

However, Almoravids and Almohads were unable to prevent Christian advances.

ALMOHADS

ALMORAVIDS

Activity: Explain in english what was the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212).

1.6. The nasrid kingdom of granada (El reino nazarí de granada)

It was the last surviving Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula. Although the kingdom was never military strong, it had a prosperous economy and flourishing culture and art.

1492

1.7. AL-andalus society

Homework: Make the pyramid using the book page 72.

THE MUSLIM CITY

Copy the different building of muslim city in English and in Spanish. Book page 73

2. THE HISPANIC CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

For nearly 800 years, Al-Andalus and a series of Christian states existed together in the Iberian Peninsula. They traded and exchanged knowledge, but they also frequently fought each other.

Muslim conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula, but they never took full control of the north.

Research: Why Muslim did not conquer the north of the Iberian Peninsula?

2.1. The Kingdom of Asturias

In the early 8th century, a Visigoht noble called Pelayo established the little kingdom of Asturias in the Cantabrian Mountains.

• Why do you think that a small battle as Covadonga has been so famous? (Book, page 85)

Who was Pelayo?

8th and 9th centuries: Kingdom of Asturias. Capital: Oviedo

10th century: Kingdom of León. Capital: León.

2. 2. Kingdoms of the Pyrenees

The Pyrenees formed part of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne established the Hispanic March as a defensive frontier region to defend his empire against the Muslim.

Define Hispanic March (Marca hispánica)*:

Who was Iñigo Arista?

Navarra: Count Iñigo Arista expelled Frankish troops from Pamplona and declared himself King of Pamplona

Aragón: The countries of Aragón, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza broke away from the Carolingian control.

Condados catalanes: The count of Urgel, Wilfredo the Hairy (Wilfredo el Velloso), Expanded his territories and won independence from the Frankisk rule.

HOMEWORK

• What do the Pyrenean kingdoms have in common?

2. 3. THE KINGDOMS OF LEÓN AND CASTILla

During High Middle Ages, the kingdoms of León and Castile were closely linked to each other. In 1230 two kingdoms were definitively united under the name of the Crown of Castile, which became the largest and strongest kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula.

2.4. The kINGDOM OF nAVARRE

Copy the genealogical diagram of Sancho III.

From the 10th century, Navarre was ruled by the Jimena dynasty.

Under Sancho III, the Elder, the Kingdom of Navarre became the largest Christian power on the peninsula.

2.5. From the kingdom of aragon to the crown of aragón

Ramiro I*, Sancho III's son, was the first King of Aragón.

In 1137, Ramón Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona engaged to marry Petronilla of Aragón. This united Aragón and the Catalan countries, and led to the creation of the Crown of Aragón.

HOMEWORK

• Who was Ramiro I?
• What is the origin of the Crown of Aragón?

2.6. The Reconquest:

Over many centuries, the Christian kingdoms expanded southwards by conquering Muslim lands.

See the video and explain the differents steps of the conquest process.

HOMEWORK

• Why this process was called the Reconquest?

2.7. Economy

In the Crown of Castille

In the Crown of Aragón

• Aragón: agriculture.
• Catalonia: manufacturing industry and trade.
• Valencia: trade.

Sheep grazing*: (pastoreo ovino) and wool sector. Development of trashumance * (trashumancia) under the protection of the MESTA.

TRADE: Interior trade: Boom in trade fairs. Exterior trade in the Atlantic.

2.8. The late middle ages

In Aragón

In Castille

Economic and demographic crisis

Economic and demographic crisis

Peasant revolt.

Peasant revolt.

Trastamara dynasty also took the power with Fernando of Antequera.

Noble rebellions: The most important was led by Enrique of Trastamara against Pedro I. This was the beginning of the Trastamara dynasty.

Urban conflicts: (Barcelona)

Final proyect:

3. Make de research:

1. Choose the topic:

1. Political topic.
2. Military topic
3. Social topic.
4. Artistic topic.

Research, sumarise the information and look for graphic material

3.Make the poster:

1. It could be made by hand or with Canva.
2. It has to be very visual.
3. The information has to be carefully selected and writen.
4. In a A4.

4. Create a class timeline

All together in class have to colaborate to create a big timeline in the walls that order all your poster.

5. Create your own timeline

• Explain to your classmates the information so they can create their own timeline.
• Make your own timeline in a A3 that collect oll the information of your class.

The mark

• You will have three marks about this activity:
• Your poster.
• Your participation. cooperation and exposition in class.
• Your individual timeline.