Phylogeny & Human Evolution

Phylogeny & Human Evolution

Mario Chavez

Phylogeny

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The phylogenetic tree on the left is a cladogram whose nodes represent a last common ancestor. But the cladogram does not show how ancestors are related to descendants. A phylogenetic tree that does how ancestors are related to descendants is a phylogram, where its branch lengths are proportional to the amount of character change. Trees can also take many different forms, such as a circular pattern, but they all tell the same story.

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ReferencesZiermann J, Diogo R, Bhatia N. 2013. Comparative anatomy of mammalian and primate facial muscles and evolutionary genetics of atavistic muscles in humans with trisomy. The FASEB Journal. 27(S1). doi:10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.192.1. ‌

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Human Evolution

Recently, there has been controversy surrounding the origin of us modern humans. There has been two models used to trace the evolution of Homo Sapiens. These are the out-of-Africa model and the multiregional model including Europe, Africa, and Asia. The out-of-Africa model details how Homo Sapiens evolved in Africa and then migrated to Europe and Asia, and other areas without breeding with other members of the genus “Homo”. The multiregional model details how Homo Sapiens evolved across the continents with sufficient gene flow to maintain the species, this is evidenced by the present population gene pool being derived from a mixture of archaic populations.