2A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

GROUP1 PRESENTS

SCIENCE, tECHNOLOGY, AND NATIONAL BUILDING

Start

reporters

abad, andre luis

arcullo, brent charles

almaden, arianne mae

mitra, brave heart

molon, charmaine nica

de leon, mira joy

editor

albay, azel n.

part 1

History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

abad, andre luisalmaden, arianne mae

INTRODUCTION

The need to develop a country's science and technology has generally been recognized as one of the imperatives of socioeconomic progress in the contemporary world. This has become a widespread concern of governments especially since the post world war II years..

more about science and technology

In the past, science and technology developed separately, with the latter being largely a product of trial and error in response to a particular human need. In modern times, however, the progress of science and technology have become intimately linked together. Many scientific discoveries have been facilitated by the development of new technology. New scientific knowledge in turn has often led to further refinement of existing technology or the invention of entirely new ones

pre-colonial

• There is very little reliable written information about Philippine society, culture and technology before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521.
• The early Filipinos had attained a generally simple level of technological development, compared with those of the Chinese and Japanese, but this was sufficient for their needs at that period of time.

pre-colonial

• Archaeological findings indicate that modern men (homo sapiens) from the Asian mainland first came over-land and across narrow channels to live in Palawan and Batangas around 50,000 years ago.

• These Stone Age inhabitants, subsequently formed settlements in the major Philippine islands such as Sulu, Mindanao (Zamboanga, and Davao), Negros, Samar, Luzon (Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and the Cagayan region).

pre-colonial

• By about 3,000 B.C., they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of various designs. The manufacture of pottery subsequently became well developed and flourished for about 2,000 years until it came into competition with imported Chinese porcelain. Thus over time pottery making declined

By the first century A.D., Filipinos were...

• smelting iron

• weaving cotton

• making pottery

• glass ornaments

• engaged in agriculture

• The Spaniards later utilized Filipino expertise in boat-building and seamanship to fight the raiding Dutch, Portuguese, Muslims and the Chinese pirate Limahong as well as to build and man the galleons that sailed to Mexico.

• By the tenth century A.D., the inhabitants of Butuan were trading with Champa(Vietnam); those of Ma-i (Mindoro) with China.

• The Filipinos in Mindanao and Sulu traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of the Malay peninsula. This trade seems to have antedated those with the Chinese.

• By the time the Spaniards came to colonies the Philippines in 1565, they found many scattered, autonomous village communities (called barangays) all over the archipelago.

The Spanish colonizers noted that all over the islands, Filipinos were growing rice, vegetables and cotton; raising swine, goats and fowls; making wine, vinegar and salt; weaving cloth and producing beeswax and honey.

SWINE

FOWLS

MAKING WINE

• The Filipinos were also mining gold in such places as Panay, Mindoro and Bicol. They wore colorful clothes, made their own gold jewelry and even filled their teeth with gold. Their houses were made of wood or bamboo and nipa . They had their own system of writing,(18) and weights and measures. Some communities had become renowned for their plank-built boats. They had no calendar but counted the years by moons and from one harvest to another

In the interior and mountain settlements, many Filipinos were still living as hunters. They gathered forest products to trade with the lowland and coastal settlements. But they also made "iron lance-points, daggers and certain small tools used in transplanting.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SPANISH REGIME

The beginnings of modern science and technology in the Philippines can be traced to the Spanish regime. The Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific research and these had important consequences for the rise of the country's professions. But the direction and pace of development of science and technology were greatly shaped by the role of the religious orders in the conquest and colonization of the archipelago and by economic and trade adopted by the colonial government.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SPANISH REGIME

• The net result of reduccion was the creation of towns and the foundation of the present system of local government. The precolonial ruling class, the datus and their hereditary successors, were adopted by the Spanish colonial government into this new system to serve as the heads of the lowest level of local government; i.e. as cabezasde barangay.

• The Filipinos naturally resisted reduccion as it took them away from their rice fields, the streams and the forests which were their traditional sources of livelihood and also subjected them to the onerous economic exactions by the colonial government.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SPANISH REGIME

• Higher education was provided by schools set up by the different religious orders in the urban centers, most of them in Manila.
• For example, the Jesuits founded in Cebu City the Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595) and in Manila, the Colegio de San Ignacio (1595), the Colegio de San Jose (1601) and the Ateneo de Manila (1859). The Dominicans had the Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1640) in Manila.(24) Access to these schools was, however, limited to the elite of the colonial society -- the European-born and local Spaniards, the mestizos and a few native Filipinos.
• Courses leading to the B.A. degree, Bachiller en Artes, were given which by the nineteenth century included science subjects such as physics, chemistry, natural history and mathematics.(25)

DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SPANISH REGIME

• Throughout the Spanish regime, the royal and pontifical University of Santo Tomas remained as the highest institution of learning.(27) Run by the Dominicans, it was established as a college in 1611 by Fray Miguel de Benavides. it initially granted degrees in theology, philosophy and humanities.

Leon Ma. Guerrero

In 1876, the university granted the bachelor's degree in pharmacy to its first six graduates in the school of pharmacy. Among them was Leon Ma. Guerrero, who is usually referred to as the "Father of Philippine Pharmacy" becuase of his extensive work on the medicinal plants of the Philippines and their uses. The total number of graduates in pharmacy during the Spanish period was 164.

• In 1887, the Manila School of Agriculture was created by royal decree but it was ableto open only in July 1889. The School was designed to provide theoretical and practicaleducation of skilled farmers and overseers and to promote agricultural development in thePhilippines by means of observation, experiment and investigation.

• Agricultural stations were also established in Isabela, Ilocos, Albay, Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte and parts of Mindanao.

• The professors in the School were agricultural engineers. The School was financed by the government but it appears that its direction was also left to the priests. The certificates of completion of the course were awarded by the university of Santo Tomas or the Ateneo Municipal. It seems that the School was not successful as Filipinos did not show much inclination for industrial pursuits.

• In 1863, the colonial authorities issued a royal decree designed to reform the existing educational system in the country. It provided for the establishment of a system of elementary, secondary and collegiate schools, teacher training schools, and called for government supervision of these schools.

• Higher education during the Spanish regime was generally viewed with suspicion and feared by the colonial authorities as encouraging conspiracy and rebellion among the native Filipinos. For this reason, only the more daring and persevering students were able to undertake advantaged studies.

john bowring

British Governor of Hongkong who made an official visit to the Philippines in the 1850s wrote: “Public instruction is in an unsatisfactory state in the Philippines--the provisions are little changed from those of the monkish ages.

suez canal

With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the consequent ease in travel and communications that it brought about, the liberal ideas and scientific knowledge of the West also reached the Philippines. Theprosperity that resulted from increased commerce between the Philippines and the rest of the world enabled Filipino students to go to Europe for professional advanced studies.

dr. jose rizal

BISHOP SALAZAR

In many places, the religious (such as Bishop Salazar in Manila) personally led in these undertakings. Because of the lack of skilled Filipinos in these occupations, the Spaniards had to import Chinese master builders, artisans and masons.

The most notable of these was published in 1763 which was so in demand that it had undergone several editions by 1885.

Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila

In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was created by decree. Its main functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for public health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and medico-legal cases. It had a publication called Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas showing scientific studies being done during that time.

GALLEON TRADE

• From 1565, galleon ships were used to transport trade goods, gold, and silver accumulated at Manila from across Asia to the Americas and then to Spain.

• Successive shipwrecks of and piratical attacks on the galleons to Mexico led to declining profits from the trade and triggered an economic depression in Manila during the latter part of the seventeenth century.

• This situation was aggravated by increasing restrictions on the goods carried by the Manila Galleon as a consequence of opposition coming from Andalusion merchants and mercantilists in Spain

• In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping. This inaugurated an era of increasing Philippine exports of rice, hemp, sugar, tobacco, indigo and others and rising imports of manufactured goods.

• In 1814, Manila was officially opened to world trade and commerce; subsequently other Philippine ports were opened

• The prosperity arising from expanded world trade and commerce in the nineteenth century led to Manila's rapid development as a cosmopolitan center.

• Modern amenities – a waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, a banking system – were introduced into the city by the latter half of the nineteenth century.

Fr. Federico Faura

• Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory in1865.
• The Observatory collected and made available typhoon and climatological observations. These observations grew in number and importance so that by 1879, it became possible for Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public typhoon warning.
• The service was so highly appreciated by the business and scientific communities that in April 1884, A royal decree made the Observatory an official institution run by the Jesuits, and also established a network of meteorological stations under it.

At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural exporting economy.

• Progress in agriculture had been made possible by some government support for research and education in this field. But it was largely the entry of foreign capital and technology which brought about the modernization of some sectors, notably sugar and hemp production.

• There was very little development in science and technology during the short-lived Philippine Republic (1898-1900).

At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural exporting economy.

• The government took steps to establish a secular educational system by a decree of 19 October 1898, it created the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a secular, state-supported institution of higher learning.

• It offered courses in law, medicine, surgery, pharmacy and notary public.

• During its short life, the University was able to hold graduation exercises in Tarlac on 29 September 1899 when degrees in medicine and law were awarded

DURING AMERICAN REGIME

• Granting of scholarships for higher education in science and engineering

• The organization of science research and agencies and establishment of science-based pubic services

• On 21 January 1901, the Philippine Commission, which acted as the executive and legislative body for the Philippines until 1907, promulgated Act No. 74 creating a Department of Public Instruction in the Philippines

• Secondary schools were opened after a further enactment of the Philippine in Commission in 1902

DURING AMERICAN REGIME

• The Philippine Medical School was established in 1905 and was followed by other professional and technical schools

• The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the Philippine Legislature

• Between 1903 and 1912, 209 men and women were educated under this program in American schools

• The Philippine Commission introduced science subjects and industrial and vocational education into the Philippines school system but they found that industrial and vocational courses were very unpopular with the Filipinos

DURING AMERICAN REGIME

• In 1921, the Rockefeller foundation provided for six fellowships for qualified Filipinos in universities in the United States and Europe, two each in the fields of public health (preventive medicine), public health laboratory work and teacher training in nursing education

• When the Bureau of Public Works was created in 1901, the Americans found that there were no competent Filipino engineers, and American engineers had to be imported

DURING AMERICAN REGIME

• The first attempt to regulate private schools was through the Corporation Law (Act No. 1459) enacted by the Philippines Commission in 1906

• In 1917, Act No. 2076 (Private School Act) was enacted by the Philippine Legislature

• In 1905, the latter was reorganized and renamed the Bureau of Science.

• Act in 1933 creating the National Research Council of the Philippines Islands (NRCP)

DURING THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

• The Constitution acknowledge the importance of promoting scientific development for the economic development of the country by incorporating a provision

• The government also enacted Commonwealth Act No. 180 (13 November 1936) reestablishing the Office of Private Education which had been abolished in 1932.

• By 1936, there were 425 private schools recognized by the government, 64 of which were institutions at the College level and 7 were universities.

DURING THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

• It created the National Economic Council to prepare an economic program and advise the government on economic and financial questions

• The Commonwealth government likewise adopted measures to encourage and provide assistance to private Filipino businessmen in the establishment of industries and manufacturing enterprises

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE

• Most non-sectarian universities and colleges are organized and managed like business enterprises and are heavily dependent on tuition fees.

• In 1947, the Bureau of Science was reorganized into an Institute of Science

• In 1952, the Commission on Volcanology was also created and placed under the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)

• The Science Act created the National Science Development Board (NSDB) and Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE

• In the 1960s additional science agencies were created by law which there by expanded NSDB's organization and functions.

• In 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and Development Councils; Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development; Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development; Philippine Council for Health Research and Development and the NRCP.

part 2

Current state of science and technology in the Philippines

ARCULLO, BRENT CHARLES MITRA, BRAVE HEART

A country's socioeconomic progress is determined by the state of science and technology. The ability of a nation to produce domestic industrial goods for domestic consumption is well known to be strongly correlated with national progress.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

• Before Spain colonized the country

• During the American period

• After World War II and fifty years under American rule

• According to the technology index of 1982, the state of Science and Technology of the Philippines is defined to be -0.1 compared to the U.S, the world technology leader, which is 100.

• The Philippines also ranks low in terms of technological capacity. The Philippines fell seven places to 61st out of 64 in the 2022 edition of the most technologically advanced countries ranking published by the international magazine Global Finance on May 30,2022. The country has maintained its position as the 11th largest economy in South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania, out of 17 in the region. Innovation Inputs in the Philippines fell from 72 in 2021 to 76 in 2022, and Innovation Outputs fell from 40 in 2021 to 51 in 2022.

• Due to inadequate science and technology libraries, information networks, and access to the internet by university students and researchers, there is a severe lack of research laboratories in fields such as semiconductors, molecular biology, photovoltaics, and others.
• Since 1986, the Philippines has prepared three comprehensive science and technology plans: The Master Plan (STMP), The Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) and the DOST Medium-Term.

In order to Achieve greater results in term of science and technology, here are some strategies:

• Addressing National Problems

• Accelerating Technology

• Provision of Support and Funds to Laboratories and Researchers

• Upgrading of Infrastructure

• Strengthening of Government, Industry, Civil Society and International Linkages

• Good Governance

part 3

philippine government s&t agenda and major development programs

de leon, mira joy molon, charmaine nica

Philippine Government S & T Agenda

• The Department of Science and Technology is the executive department of the Philippine Government responsible for the coordination of science and technology-related projects in the Philippines and to formulate policies and projects in the fields of science and technology in support of national development.

S & T Agenda

1. Stronger Research and Development in the regions not just in Manila Expand research and development initiatives by providing more grant support for R and D through the DOST’s sectoral planning councils such as PCIERD, PCAARD, and ASTI in cooperation with universities in the regions.

S & T Agenda

2. Strategic projects in five areas:

• Renewable Energy – The need of new technologies that has high electricity to satisfy the energy demand in the country especially in hard-to-reach areas while lowering the price of electricity.

• S and T for industry development – Stronger participation of Scientists and engineers in the country to revitalize our basic industries.

S & T Agenda

• Faster and Cheaper internet – Philippines has the slowest internet in Asia, we need to bridge gaps and build networks in the country.

• Increased food production – Given the limited amount of land available, technology is needed to increase yields while also improving product quality and reducing reliance on imported inputs like fertilizers.

S & T Agenda

• Climate Change Adaptation- For our farmers to be able to adapt to changing climates, we need cutting-edge technology, and we also need to get rid of technologies that make it impossible to produce healthy, productive harvests.

S & T Agenda

3. Strengthens the Balik Scientist Program and retention program for current young scientists4. Expands the science and technology base in the Philippines to compete in an integrated ASEAN.

Major Development Programs in Science and Technology in the Philippines

Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

dost organizational structure

dost organizational structure

Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Science for Change Program (S4CP)

SCIENCE FOR CHANGE PROGRAM (S4CP)

• launched thru Administrative Order No.3 s. 2017

• aims accelerate Science, Technology, and Innovation in the Philippines

• composed of 4 programs

PROGRAMS UNDER S4CP

• Niche Centers in the Regions (NICER) for Research and Development Program

• R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program

• Collaborative Research and Development to Leverage Philippine Economy (CRADLE) Program

• Business Innovation through Science and Technology (BIST) for Industry Program

PROGRAMS UNDER S4CP

Niche Centers in the Regions (NICER)

Collaborative Research and Development to Leverage Philippine Economy (CRADLE) Program

Business Innovation through Science and Technology (BIST)

R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program

group 1 members

arcullo, brent charles

albay, azel n.

almaden, arianne mae

abad, andre luis

mitra, brave heart

molon, charmaine nica

de leon, mira joy

references

https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/2022/05/30/451342/philippines-lags-in-national-technological-strength-list/#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20fell%20by%20seven,by%20international%20magazine%20Global%20Finance. https://brainly.in/question/36204775 https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-pampanga/20181129/281732680545144 https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/01-Readings-4.pdf https://prezi.com/p/j3vdiho8fonl/the-philippine-government-science-and-technology-agenda/?fbclid=IwAR0XO7Vw0pup5ECd7Om6XNtmOxLQC4nvS1bMdSMQdX2bTMHkWNDUEn3gxnQ

references

https://sea-eu.archiv.zsi.at/facts/sea/philippines.html https://www.scribd.com/presentation/500229551/sts-chap-3 https://s4cp.dost.gov.ph/programs/nicer/ https://s4cp.dost.gov.ph/programs/rdlead/ https://s4cp.dost.gov.ph/programs/cradle/ https://s4cp.dost.gov.ph/programs/bist/

THANKS!