Module 11: Non-state Institutions

Module 11

Non-state institutions

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What are our objectives for this session?

At the end of this module, I can: 1. identify the functions of non-state institutions in society; and 2. evaluate the impact of interventions of non-state institutions in the process of governance of the state.

Non-State Institutions

Society consists of social structures and social institutions that are governed by norms and values. Each individual in a society has specific roles and functions that are meant to achieve societal equilibrium. The practice of human rights is considered a privilege of every individual in human society, and is ideally and believed to be distributed equally. In 2008, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights marked its 60th anniversary, celebrating the fundamental rights and independence of human society. By the end of World War II, various humanitarian issues and crises took place. Hence, several initiatives were undertaken by different organizations to address transnational and local issues that states were faced with. This saw the establishment of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which is mandated to be of assistance to crisis victims (Evans, 2008). These cases of human predicament show how human rights are being violated and deposed by institutional actors such as governments. The creation of state and nonstate institutions became more relevant in the advent of globalization and urbanization, as these two institutions presented the capacity to create diverse impact ranging from the social, cultural, economic, and up to the political (University of Arizona, 2014).

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Non-State Institutions

Weber defines state as "a human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory" (Shandra, 2007). This definition reflects the inevitable existence of the government, civil service, and police in every society. On the other hand, non-state institutions are institutions not related to the components of the state. These institutions function with minimal intervention from state institutions. Although states possess the official political power in a given territory, the capacity of non-state institutions to affect the political and economic trajectory of a society cannot be discounted. These non-state institutions include the following: banks and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy groups, and development agencies and international organizations. These non-state institutions are equally capable of influencing policy formation and implementation. The succeeding sections of this module discuss the elements of non-state institutions in relation to their background, features, and functions.

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01

Banks and corporations

In these institutions, everything is associated, related, and linked to money and financial. There are several financial institutions that aid people in terms of money and investments, may bencategorized into major forms such as commercialnbanks, investment banks, insurance transactions.nThey cater to different types of people andnorganizations. Financial institutions companies, brokerages, and corporations. Kinds of Financial Institutions and Their Descriptions:

Commercial Banks

• Financial deposit with security and convenience which could be in the form of credit card, debit card, and check
• Provide business, individual, and personal loans, enabling, commercial banks to earn interest
• Serve as payment agents within and outside the country through wire transfer
• Subjected to more regulations

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Banks and corporations

Kinds of Financial Institutions and Their Descriptions:

Investment Banks

• Financial intermediaries that perform a variety of services for businesses and some governments
• Issue securities to the investing public
• Make markets, facilitate mergers, and other corporate reorganizations
• Act as a broker for institutional clients
• Under the supervision of regulatory bodies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, FINRA, and the US Treasury
• Subjected to fewer regulations Issue securities to the investing public

Insurance companies

• Aid individuals and companies in terms of risk management and wealth preservation
• Capable of earning profit and paying claims, through their large number of insurances

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Banks and corporations

Kinds of Financial Institutions and Their Descriptions:

Brokerages

• Intermediaries in the transaction between buyers and sellers for the purpose of security
• Commission-based earnings

Investment companies or corporations

• Help individuals invest funds or money with other investors to manage portfolios of security
• Purchase securities indirectly through a package product such as a mutual fund

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Banks and corporations

In general, financial institutions cater to people and firms, possibly generating a significant impact to society. The two most well-known financial institutions that are actively shaping the socioeconomic development of the Philippines are the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. They have been providing financial aid to the Philippine government and various nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to facilitate their developmental objectives.

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Coorperatives and Trade Unions

Cooperatives and trade Unions

Trade unions and cooperatives have the primary role of promoting labor welfare and good industrial relations. Trade unions and cooperatives are organizations comprising workersand laborers with common goals, purposes, and interests. They mostly concern employment relations, decency, and welfare. Roles of Trade Unions and Cooperatives: Political

• Can be powerful and influential in creating political impact
• Can be in conflict with other parties due to large number of members with common interests that are different from other union's interest

Market

• Reactive because of preoccupied economic aims that concern employment salaries, wages, and inflation rates and rights (macroeconomic and microeconomic policies)

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Cooperatives and trade Unions

Roles of Trade Unions and Cooperatives: Regulatory

• Influential in determining and improving job qualities and standards to regulate employment functions

Democratizing

• Intermediaries in the transaction between Promote rights to economic democracy and participation to industrial democracy

Service

• Promote the welfare of members through various initiatives and partnerships with different organizations that provide service to them

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Cooperatives and trade Unions

Roles of Trade Unions and Cooperatives: Enhancement

• Concerned for potential development and member's improvement

Welfare

• Multifunctional institutions, conforming more to the idea of the trade union as being part of a movement

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Transnational Advocacy Groups

Societal issues and problems are not concentrated in a certain society or within a specific area only. It may also be extended across borders and countries. Most of these issues have Societal issues and problems are not concentrated in a certain society or within a been more concerned of public issues. These changes were brought about by the rapid growth something to do with international policies that are not responsive to contemporary issues. Keck and Sikkink (1998) argue that international lawmaking undergoes changes and have of transnational advocacy networks that constantly influence the policy-making in a country by sponsoring advocacy campaigns publicizing social issues. The pressure that transnational advocacy groups (TAGS) create in state institutions, and at networks and corporations are considered the bad guys, whereas the nongovernment times to the general public, creates a negative image. Evans (2008) argue that "transnational with TAGS. Transnational actors could be categorized into local social movements, organizations are the good guys." This is despite the fact that NGOs are highly interrelatedfoundations, media, religious organizations, scholars, international agencies, and regional intergovernmental organizations (Keck and Sikkinik, 1998).

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Developement Agencies

Development agencies are organizations with specific aims and goals. The common denominator among these organizations is the term development. These agencies concentrateon the growth, progression, and advancement of specific societal concerns, which can be mastructure of social institutions, Several sectors of the international community haveup with development, as they believe that it is laden with various social constructs that the around postcolonial and hegemony arguments. Some of the critical questions that are:

• Who defines development?
• What a are the characteristics of being developed?
• Who controls the values that are associated with development?

For the purposes of this discussion, we will use the context of political and economic There are two major types of organizations that are considered as development agencies international organisations and NGOs. What is the difference between the two? Do these two have similarities?

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International Organizations

achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economie, social,cultural, or humanitarian character, and in improving and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race, sex, language orreligion (UN Charter)

Coppee (2011) stated that "one of the important roles of international organizations is to translate agreed upon values into rights and obligations." The central role of international organisations is essentially to provide support and assistance through organized framework to international cooperation. This cooperation aims to be developed across several institutions over time. The United Nations (UN) la a premier example for this as it aims to

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The following are examples of international organisations as listed by Coppee (2011) UN and its specialized agencies: Organization for Economie Cooperation and Development(OECD): Organization of African Unity (OAU); Organization of American States (OAB) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), wherein the Philippines is a foundingmember; European Union (EU, formerly the EuropeanCommunities); MERCOSUR (Southern Market or MercadoComun del Sur); Caribbean Community (CARICOM); European Free Trade Association (EPTA); and North American FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA) among Canada, the United States,and Mexico,

International organizations concentrate mostly on the distribution of equitable health and social development. Also, these organizations have diverse networks that enable them to provide and exchange support across different borders and localize their implementations of international policies.

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Nongovernment Organizations

Mostly working in limited territories, NGO’s collaboration with local stakeholders to improve their beneficiaries' conditions. Este (1992) defined NGOs as "those nonprofit, often voluntary, organizations that carry a broad range of social development functions with and on behalf of people. The vast majority of these expressed needs of people rather than from governments." Most NGOs aim to promote the practice of democracy among, . These organizations NGOs are often characterized by their intensive organizations exists outside of government and, thus, their programs emanate more from theare independent, and they encourage participation from the public. NGOs also aim to promote social change through their initiatives and organizational methods. Sometimes, NGOs seek sponsorship from some other institutions and organizations to physically and mentally disabled persons, the poor, and various social groups that have been groups that tend to be underserved by governmental programs, including women, the aged, fund their projects and programs. Many NGOs have targeted their efforts toward population marginalized by virtue of race, religion, ethnicity, caste, and social class

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Categories of NGO's and Their Descriptions: Community associations

• Represent voices of people from different communities, and act as bridge between members of the communities and government.

Policy and advocacy groups

• Have local, national, and international levels of participation; serve as catalysts for collective action among poor persons in societies unaccustomed to such behavior.

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Categories of NGO's and Their Descriptions: Service provider intermediaries

• Have national and international levels of participation; remote areas and communities especially those who fail to receive government programs; seek fund through income generating activities which are mostly nonprofit.

Contractors

• Involved in sponsored projects as consultants to government agencies or to international financial institutions that gain no profit at all.

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Categories of NGO's and Their Descriptions: Cooperatives

• Protect and provide economic benefits to the needy; are formed when a task cannot be done on the individual level,such as obtaining credit (Cernea, 1988:13-4 in Estes, 1992).

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Interrelationship of Government and Non-state Institutions

Government plays a vital role in human society because it is expected that its effort and initiatives must be aligned with public welfare and service. Personal interest must be the least concern of the bureaucracy to ensure good will and avoid societal dysfunction. Failure to a bureaucratic functions will lead to different forms of conflict among societies. How does the government relate to non-state institutions? Governments are faced such demands and their related issues, non-state institutions create responses to facilitate with varying demands from its constituents. When governments are unable to addressgovernment intervention through policy campaigns or even actual delivery of demanded services and products. Presently, non-state institutions have been empowered, allowing themto have greater and wider participation in different societies. This paved the way to a broader relationship with government institutions (Stratton, 2008). The ideal relationship of government and non-state institutions is one that is on equal footing in addressing social issues. Given the roles that these institutions take, will these two institutions be really equal? Government rules society according to existing norms and values in the form of laws, rights, and policies. This reflects how powerful a government institution can be. Accordingly, if non-state institutions interfere with the governing body, two possible things can happen. First, integration among these two institutions may take place to achieve precise solutiontowards development. Second, conflict and tensionmay also arise because one could exceed the other in terms of societal control and influences (Penninx,2013)

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Economic Alliance

In a continuously globalizing world, interdependence among states in procuring commodities and services is inevitable. The lack of supply in one country can be addressedby another country that has a surplus of which. As raw materials become scarcer and more difficult to procure, economic alliance presents itself as one of the solutions. This aims to promote economic improvement and, at the same time, resolve issues concerning closed economies. The main objective of economic alliance is to produce economic policies that lead to economic diversity and growth. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is one of the recent examples of economic alliances formed by countries to promote economic stability a sustainability in their region. In the AEC, citizens of participating countries are expected to made cheaper through lowered tariff rates to promote intensive economic linkages and free have easier employment access within the region. The transfer of commodities will also be made cheaper through lowered tariff rates to promote intensive economic linkages and free flow of goods.

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National Security

National Security National security is "a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced" (DLSU, 2011). This definition is one of the many definitions attributed to national security. What are the elements of national security?

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National Security

Elements of National Security and Their Description:Sociopolitical stability

• Regardless of social differences, societal harmony must be achieved and maintained through the effort of the government, public, and other institutions.

Territorial integrity

• This refers to the permanent inviolability of our national territory and its effective control by the government and the state.

• Protection from illegal incursions and resource exploitation must be maintained.

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National Security

Elements of National Security and Their Description:Economic solidarity and strength

• Economic equality must prevail considering public interest, dignity, and labor's welfare.

Ecological balance

• This refers to the conservation of the environment through initiatives and sustainable development.

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National Security

Elements of National Security and Their Description:Cultural cohesiveness

• This refers to the common set of norms and values rooted from cultural ethics.

Moral-spiritual consensus

• There should be national cooperation guided by common deeds, goals, and objectives.

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National Security

Elements of National Security and Their Description:External peace

• Society must be free from threat, violence, war, and hostility.

With the growing political clout of several countries, the concept of an all-sovereign state becomes threatened. This also poses risks on the maintenance ofnational security. Themaritime dispute between China and the Philippines over the Panatag Shoal (Scarborough Shoal) and the Spratlys has been the cause of threat to the national security of both countries.

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Disaster Mitigation and Risk Reduction

One of the areas where non-state institutions are actively involved in is disaster response. There has been an observed increase in weather variability that has caused climate-induced disasters in human population. This is often associated to climate change. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) argues that "there is no such thing as a 'natural' disaster, only natural hazards." the main cause of disaster is the combination of hazard and vulnerability. Hazards may be caused by natural phenomena or by humans. Society and its According to Figure 11.1, the main cause of disaster is the combination of hazard andenvironment are vulnerable to these kinds of incidents. The preparations and planning must be led by the governing body, and they must be followed by the society under it, making other institutions react also to the given situation

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Disaster Mitigation and Risk Reduction

Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) is a step-by-step process that considersseveral elements elements.

Disaster Mitigation and Risk Reduction

the first step in disaster risk management is the identification or assessment of risk. it invovles monitoring, identifying risk, and analyzing vulnerability. Followed by the prevention ad mitigation process, management will set up plans and actions toward these risks and pasters. Then, warning and notice are provided to the publle, which includes evacuation ad emergency planning. Last, the adaptation, or recovery, stage takes place, wherein rehabilitation, reconstruction, and rescue services happen. ideally, the first responders to a disaster are the institutions related to the government the first responders in areas devastated by disasters. In the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda fowever, in situations where logistical support is lacking, non-state institutions often become Haban), Leyte and other neighboring provinces received support from both state and nonstate institutions

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Social Development

Social development is one of the goals of every society. Any society that undergoes social development is expected to move upward or attain progress. Bocial development entailsproductivity, better efficiency, accomplishment, and innovations (Cleveland and Jacobs, 1990). The pursuit of public health equity, or equal access to health systems, is one of the primary foRM of international organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) and World Health Organization. Human rights and social justice is the focus of organizations such as Amnesty International, Save the Children, and International JusticeMission. All of these examples highlight the clamor for social development. On one hand, the government continues to search for different ways to achieve social development. On the other hand, non-state institutions also participate in promoting socialdevelopment through their various initiatives and advocacies relating to social welfare. Social development is a very long process that requires proper strategic planning (long term) andoperational planning (short term). This is not possible without the union of public, government, and other institutions including non-state institutions that perform a great role not only insocial development but also in terms of social empowerment.

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Thanks!

Group 2:

1. Ditual, Princess Camillah
2. Alcala, Franzcesca Marie Dyoirj
3. Lumokso, Jorine
4. Aparece, Sophia Ann
5. Dichoso, Ashley