Femoral Region, Crural Region and Foot

Femoral Region, Crural Region and Foot

iIntroduction

In this work we are going to talk about The femoral region (thigh) is the first free region of the lower limb. It is formed by the femur and all the thigh muscles and neurovascular structures related to it. Distally, the femur articulates with the patella (kneecap) and tibia, forming the knee joint. The bones of the foot can also be grouped into three functional groups: Hindfoot: talus and calcaneus. Midfoot: navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones. Forefoot: metatarsal bones and phalanges.

Femur

The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body. The femur consists of a diaphysis and two epiphyses. It articulates proximally with the hip bone and distally with the patella and tibia.

Proximal epiphysis • Femoral head: it is smooth and rounded. • Fovea of the femoral head: located in the femoral head. • Anatomical neck: connects the head with the body. • Greater trochanter: large, irregular quadrilateral eminence located on the upper border of the femur. • Lesser Trochanter: Located at the back of the base of the cervix. It is a conical eminence that can vary in size. • Intertrochanteric line: runs from the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter on the anterior surface • Intertrochanteric crest: A prominent ridge located on the posterior surface, extending in an oblique curve from the top of the greater to the lesser trochanter.

Distal epiphysis • Patellar surface: articulates with the patella. • Medial condyle: articulates medially with the tibia. • Lateral condyle: articulates laterally with the tibia. • Intercondylar fossa: located between the condyles. • Medial epicondyle: rough prominence located medial to the medial condyle. • Lateral epicondyle: rough prominence located lateral to the lateral condyle.

Body •Linea aspera: located on the posterior surface of the femur. Distally, the linea aspera bifurcates bordering the popliteal surface and proximally it bifurcates into: • gluteal line • pectinate line • spiral line The femur articulates with three bones: the ilium, the patella, and the tibia.

Tibia

With the exception of the femur, the tibia is the largest weight-bearing bone in the body. It is located on the anteromedial side of the leg. It has two epiphyses and one diaphysis. It articulates proximally with the femur and fibula and distally with the talus and fibula.

Proximal epiphysis • Lateral condyle: eminence that articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur. • Medial condyle: eminence that articulates with the medial condyle of the femur. • Intercondylar eminence: located between the two condyles. • Tibial tuberosity: large oblong elevation that attaches to the patellar ligament • Fibular fovea: site of the tibia that articulates with the fibula (lateral to the tibial tuberosity).

Distal epiphysis • Medial malleolus – pyramidal process. • Fossa for talus: articulates with the talus. • Fibular notch: site of articulation with the fibula.

Body • Anterior border - crest (most prominent) • Medial border: smooth and rounded • Lateral border: interosseous ridge (thin and prominent) • Posterior surface: presents the line of the soleus muscle. • Lateral face: narrower than medial face • Medial face: smooth, convex and wide. The tibia articulates with three bones: femur, fibula, and talus.

Fibula

Also known as a fibula, it is a structure formed by bone tissue, which has the anatomical characteristics of being long and narrow. This bone is located between the knee and the ankle, and connects with the tibia and the talus to form different joints. Structurally, the fibula is formed by a body, to which 3 faces and 3 edges correspond; It also has an upper part, called the head of the fibula, and a lower part, called the external malleolus.

Bones of the foot

Foot bones There are 27 bones in the foot, divided into three groups: • seven tarsal bones • Five metatarsal bones • fourteen phalanges

The tarsal bones create a fairly strong platform to support weight. These are homologous to the carpal bones of the wrist and are divided into three groups: the proximal, middle, and distal. The proximal bones of the tarsus are the talus and the calcaneus. The intermediate bone of the tarsus is the navicular. The distal tarsal bones are the cuboid and three cuneiform bones (lateral, intermediate, and medial).

The metatarsal bones are homologous to the metacarpals of the hand. They participate in supporting our weight. On the plantar surface of the first metatarsal head, we see two prominent sesamoid bones (one medial and one lateral).

The phalanges are also similar to those of the hand, the four lateral toes have three phalanges, one proximal, one middle and one distal, while the big toe has only two phalanges, one proximal and one distal. The foot bones can also be grouped into three functional groups: Rearfoot: talus and calcaneus Midfoot: navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones Forefoot: metatarsal bones and phalanges

Conclusion

In conclusion, the femoral or femoral nerve constitutes, with the obturator nerve, the terminal branches of the lumbar plexus. It is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus. Provides sensation to the skin of the anterior thigh and anterior and medial leg. The tibia (shin) is a long leg bone and lies medial to the fibula (fibula). It is the weight-bearing bone of the leg, making it the second largest bone in the body after the femur.

Bibliographic references

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