Grammar Class :)

Present, Past, and Future:)

By: Leynis Ángel, Giselle Argueta & Louis Marroquín.

"MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY"

ENGLISH GRAMMAR - II

5. Farewell

4. Practice!

3. Topic Explanation!

2. Vocabulary Activity!

1. Warm-Up!

"AGENDA"

"modals to express degrees of certainty"

- Can't- Couldn't - Must not

NEGATIVE:

- Must- Have/Has to - have/has got to

positive:

"Modals to speculate about the present"

EXAMPLES: (Positive)

1 - The evidence must mean something.2- This has to be the answer to the question. 3- They have got to be wrong about what they are saying.

EXAMPLES: (Negative)

1 - That quote can't be right.2- That couldn't be the possible solution. 3- It must not be correct.

NOTE: We usually don't contract must not with this meaning. For instance: - The teacher must not be the guilty.

We formulate QUESTIONS just with: COULD + BASE FORM

- Could - May - May not - Might - Might not

MODALS TO SPECULATE ABOUT THE PRESENT WHEN YOU ARE LESS CERTAIN (50%)

NOTE: We usually don't contract CONTRACT might not, and we NEVER CONTRACT may not. They might not have any evidence.

In QUESTIONS use: Could/Might + Base Form Examples: - Could that theory be correct? - Might that be the real answer?

Positive:

- Must Not HaveCan't Have- Couldn't Have

NEGATIVE:

- Must HAVE- Had To - have/has got to

"Modals for speculating about the past when you are almost certain (90%)"

EXAMPLES:

1 - They must have traveled by plane.2- She had to have visited many places in Peru. 3- He must not have made the trip.

- May Have - Might Have - Could Have

less certain about the past (50%)

Modals:

-Should - Ought to

"ALMOST cERTAIN aBOUT tHE future"

LESS CERTAIN ABOUT THE FUTURE USE:

- May- Might - Could

- May + Not/Never + Base Form - Might + Not/Never + Base Form

TIME TO PRACTICE!

Thank you!:)