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Blood Pressure - Poster
Kaitlyn
Created on October 19, 2022
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Transcript
Blood Pressure
How is blood pressure created?
The anatomy of blood pressure starts with the ventricle walls contracting and relaxing inside of the heart, generating the blood pressure in the arteries. Closest to the heart are the Elastic arteries. This is made up of tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa. The tunica media stretches under the systolic pressure and springs back during diastole. The spring back helps push the blood away from the heart and into the smaller arteries. Muscular arteries are the small to medium sized arteries which have a middle layer of smooth muscle. The structure of this artery consists of outer elastic lamina, tunica media, inner elastic lamina and tunica intima. In relation to blood pressure, the inside of this artery where blood flows is called the lumen and narrows to increase blood flow. Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction also occurs in this artery. Vasodilation lowers blood pressure when it widens the inside of the artery as the smooth muscle layer stays in a relaxed state. Whereas vasoconstriction is when the smooth muscle layer contracts and makes the inside of the artery narrow. Causing the blood pressure to increase and make the heart worker harder to push blood through the narrowed tube. The smallest of the arteries are the arterioles and ending at the capillaries. The structure consists of the small muscular artery, arteriole, smooth muscle sphincter leading into the capillaries. The middle layer of the arterioles contains tiny rings of smooth muscle whihc act as sphincters. In the case where these rings were to stay constricted, pressure would become backed up into the other arteries and the heart.
Wikipedia Contributors (2022). Atrium (heart).
What is blood pressure:
Blood pressure is the pressure of blood being pushed through the vessels containing oxygen that is being carried through out the body. It all starts at the heart in the ventricles, including the arteries, arterioles and capillaries (Watchlearnlive.heart).
What does a blood pressure reading look like:
Most individuals will recognise blood pressure as the image to the left. The top number is called systolic and the bottom number called diastolic.
120 80
The systolic is the measurement of the heart beat in the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart contracts. In the right ventricle, oxygenated blood will be sent to the lungs and the left ventricle will pump the rest of the oxygen in the blood to the organs of the body. Whereas, the diastolic is the measurement of the pressure in the arteries inbetween the heartbeats when the left ventricle of the heart relaxes and blood is filled. This is when the oxygenated blood will return from the lungs the chambers of the heart.
https://www.coursehero.com/study-guides/boundless-ap/arteries/
Homeostasis
'Homeostasis is crucial for the survival of organisms. It is often seen as a resistance to changes in the external environment. Furthermore, homeostasis is a self-regulating process that regulates internal variables necessary to sustain life. In other words, homeostasis is a mechanism that maintains a stable internal environment despite the changes present in the external environment' (Byjus). In the example of blood pressure, homeostasis would need to send chemicals and signals to either relax or tighten the blood vessels to make the blood pressure go up or down when necessary (newhealthadvisor.org). In order for this to happen a feedback loop needs to occur to maintain an individuals blood pressure range, however if the feedback loop were to malfunction it could case some serious health issues. The negative feedback loop needs to have certain steps to react in a sequence in order for the homeostasis to function. First is the sensor they sense a change in the individuals body and sends a signal to the integrating centre. Here they will recieve the signal, decide whihc effector needs that signal to go to and mend the issue. Effectors are either the electrical impulses or chemicals that stabilise the body and maintain the homeostasis funtion (newhealthadvisor.org).
How to measure blood pressure: Manually
- Carry out the checks to make sure you have identified the correct patient before recording their blood pressure. E.g. asking for their DOB and full name.
- Grab a manual blood pressure with a cuff, pressure meter and hand pump as well as a stethoscope.
- Place the cuff around the higher part of the patient's arm and make sure it is secure properly and not loosely fitted.
- With one hand move the stehoscope around the area of the patient's inner elbow or just under the cuff until you can hear a faint pulse.
- Once you have the stethoscope in place, with the other hand, start pumping the cuff and watch the dial on the meter to your chosen pressure of air. Most healthcare staff will pump over 125-140.
- Then when the dial reaches your chosen level of pressure, in the same hand as the pump, very slowly twist the novel to release the air.
- The first sound of a sudden 'woosh' of blood through the veins will be your systolic number and when the sound of pumping blood suddenly fades and you can no longer hear it that is your diastolic number.
However, the blood pressure feedback loop has a few more components then the negative feedback loop. To the right shows a diagram of this feedback loop starting from the stimulus going clockwise. https://www.newhealthadvisor.org/