COGNITIVE LEARNING FACTORS METHODOLOGY
LEARNING FACTORS
Cognitive
Affective
Physical and Psychological
COGNITIVE LEARNING FACTORS
Learning strategies
Intelligence
Memory, cognitive, compensation. Metacognitive, affective, social.
Direct Indirect:
Language aptitude
Cognitive Style
(Field independence/dependence)
Cognitive factors: Intelligence
Intelligence
Not necessarily a key factor in language acquisition. “...intelligence seems to be a strong factor when (...) the instruction is formal. When the classroom instruction is less formal (...) (i.e. more communicative), so-called ‘intelligence’ (as measured by IQ tests) may play a less important role.”(Lightbown & Spada 1993:37).
Cognitive factors: Language aptitude
Language aptitude
1. The ‘natural ability’ to learn languages, and people possess it to varying degrees.2. Four components have been identified: phonetic coding, grammatical sensitivity, inductive language learning, rote learning ability.
Components of language aptitude
1. Phonetic coding: ability to discriminate and recall new sounds.2. Grammatical sensitivity: ability to recognise the different grammatical functions that words perform in a sentence .
3. Inductive language learning: ability to identify patterns of relationships and differences between grammatical forms and meanings. 4. Rote learning ability: ability to make associations for remembering words
Components of language aptitude
Implications
Language aptitude seems to consist of a language analytic ability and an auditory ability.
Implications
Some asume language aptitude can't be modified, while others believe it is possible to modify it in the teaching and learning process.
Further considerations.
Aptitude should measure not only grammatical, memory and analytical language abilities but also the learner's capacity to communicate meaning.
Further considerations.
Aptitude research seem to indicate that it may be a relatively fixed, innate capacity .
Cognitive factors: Cognitive Style
Cognitive Style
Cognitive style refers to the manner in which the learner perceives, monitors, conceptualises, and recalls linguistic information.
Cognitive Style
Learning style includes cognitive, affective, and psychological behaviours that indicate learners' way of perceiving, interacting with and responding to the learning environment (Willing, 1988).
Cognitive Style
Variables of cognitive style: -reflective orimpulsive thinking -broad or narrow categorizing -belief congruence or contradiction
Cognitive Style
Cognitive style focuses on the duality field dependence (naturalistic) / independence (analytical) continuum.
Cognitive Style
Ellis (1985)
Cognitive factors: Learning strategies
Learning strategies
Steps taken by the learner to aid the acquisition, storage and retrieval of information (Oxford & Crookall, 1989: 404). Learning strategies are typically problem-oriented
Learning strategies
There are different types of learning stragegies: - Behavioural (repeating new words aloud to help you remember them)
-Mental (using the linguistic or situational context to infer the meaning of new words)
Learning strategies' characteristics:
They contribute to develop the communicative competence. They allow learners to become more self-directed and autonomous. They are tools for solving problems and accomplishing tasks.
They are specific actions taken by the learner for directly or indirectly supporting the learning process. They are not always observable, but most of the time they are conscious. They are flexible and can be taught and developed.
Learning strategies' characteristics:
Classification of learning strategies
Cognitive
Memory
Compensation
Metacognitve
Social
Affective
Comunicative
Classification of Learning Strategies
Cognitive
operations used by the learner to obtain knowledge and understanding of the linguistic system. They involve the manipulation of the language in some direct way. Examples: Generalising, making comparisons between languages, note-taking, practising, analysing and reasoning
Classification of Learning Strategies
Memory
correspond to the specific techniques which help the learner to store and, when necessary, retrieve the stored information.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Compensation
behaviours adopted by students to compensate for missing knowledge. Examples: circumlocution, avoidance, guessing while listening or reading, etc.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Metacognitive
how to learn or learning to learn. Examples: being aware and reflecting upon the learning process, planning, arranging and evaluating one's language
Classification of Learning Strategies
Social
social behaviours involving other people in the language learning process. Examples: counting on friends for help, participating in group conversations, pretending real understanding, questioning, cooperating with peers.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Affective
techniques which help learners achieve better control over their emotions and attitudes towards the language learning process. Examples: Self-reinforcement, and positive self-talk.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Communicative
almost exclusively restricted to the oral production level to solve a communicaton problem by compensation
Classification of Learning Strategies
Communicative
Examples: Paraphrase, avoidance, restructuring, code-switching, foreignising, literal translation and repetition .
Types of Communicative Strategies
Reduction
Achievement
Reduction
Achievement
to keep to the original message. compensate for the lack of means and linguistic resources
giving up part of the original message.
VS
Reduction
Achievement
compensates for the lack of means and linguistic resources can be compensatory and retrieval
can be formal and functional. attempts to avoid a communication problem.
VS
Strategy Training
we can 'teach' students to become more efficient learners of a foreign language
PPT Methodology 1 - Cognitive Learning Factors
S Camelo
Created on October 4, 2022
Start designing with a free template
Discover more than 1500 professional designs like these:
View
Practical Presentation
View
Smart Presentation
View
Essential Presentation
View
Akihabara Presentation
View
Pastel Color Presentation
View
Nature Presentation
View
Higher Education Presentation
Explore all templates
Transcript
COGNITIVE LEARNING FACTORS METHODOLOGY
LEARNING FACTORS
Cognitive
Affective
Physical and Psychological
COGNITIVE LEARNING FACTORS
Learning strategies
Intelligence
Memory, cognitive, compensation. Metacognitive, affective, social.
Direct Indirect:
Language aptitude
Cognitive Style
(Field independence/dependence)
Cognitive factors: Intelligence
Intelligence
Not necessarily a key factor in language acquisition. “...intelligence seems to be a strong factor when (...) the instruction is formal. When the classroom instruction is less formal (...) (i.e. more communicative), so-called ‘intelligence’ (as measured by IQ tests) may play a less important role.”(Lightbown & Spada 1993:37).
Cognitive factors: Language aptitude
Language aptitude
1. The ‘natural ability’ to learn languages, and people possess it to varying degrees.2. Four components have been identified: phonetic coding, grammatical sensitivity, inductive language learning, rote learning ability.
Components of language aptitude
1. Phonetic coding: ability to discriminate and recall new sounds.2. Grammatical sensitivity: ability to recognise the different grammatical functions that words perform in a sentence .
3. Inductive language learning: ability to identify patterns of relationships and differences between grammatical forms and meanings. 4. Rote learning ability: ability to make associations for remembering words
Components of language aptitude
Implications
Language aptitude seems to consist of a language analytic ability and an auditory ability.
Implications
Some asume language aptitude can't be modified, while others believe it is possible to modify it in the teaching and learning process.
Further considerations.
Aptitude should measure not only grammatical, memory and analytical language abilities but also the learner's capacity to communicate meaning.
Further considerations.
Aptitude research seem to indicate that it may be a relatively fixed, innate capacity .
Cognitive factors: Cognitive Style
Cognitive Style
Cognitive style refers to the manner in which the learner perceives, monitors, conceptualises, and recalls linguistic information.
Cognitive Style
Learning style includes cognitive, affective, and psychological behaviours that indicate learners' way of perceiving, interacting with and responding to the learning environment (Willing, 1988).
Cognitive Style
Variables of cognitive style: -reflective orimpulsive thinking -broad or narrow categorizing -belief congruence or contradiction
Cognitive Style
Cognitive style focuses on the duality field dependence (naturalistic) / independence (analytical) continuum.
Cognitive Style
Ellis (1985)
Cognitive factors: Learning strategies
Learning strategies
Steps taken by the learner to aid the acquisition, storage and retrieval of information (Oxford & Crookall, 1989: 404). Learning strategies are typically problem-oriented
Learning strategies
There are different types of learning stragegies: - Behavioural (repeating new words aloud to help you remember them) -Mental (using the linguistic or situational context to infer the meaning of new words)
Learning strategies' characteristics:
They contribute to develop the communicative competence. They allow learners to become more self-directed and autonomous. They are tools for solving problems and accomplishing tasks.
They are specific actions taken by the learner for directly or indirectly supporting the learning process. They are not always observable, but most of the time they are conscious. They are flexible and can be taught and developed.
Learning strategies' characteristics:
Classification of learning strategies
Cognitive
Memory
Compensation
Metacognitve
Social
Affective
Comunicative
Classification of Learning Strategies
Cognitive
operations used by the learner to obtain knowledge and understanding of the linguistic system. They involve the manipulation of the language in some direct way. Examples: Generalising, making comparisons between languages, note-taking, practising, analysing and reasoning
Classification of Learning Strategies
Memory
correspond to the specific techniques which help the learner to store and, when necessary, retrieve the stored information.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Compensation
behaviours adopted by students to compensate for missing knowledge. Examples: circumlocution, avoidance, guessing while listening or reading, etc.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Metacognitive
how to learn or learning to learn. Examples: being aware and reflecting upon the learning process, planning, arranging and evaluating one's language
Classification of Learning Strategies
Social
social behaviours involving other people in the language learning process. Examples: counting on friends for help, participating in group conversations, pretending real understanding, questioning, cooperating with peers.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Affective
techniques which help learners achieve better control over their emotions and attitudes towards the language learning process. Examples: Self-reinforcement, and positive self-talk.
Classification of Learning Strategies
Communicative
almost exclusively restricted to the oral production level to solve a communicaton problem by compensation
Classification of Learning Strategies
Communicative
Examples: Paraphrase, avoidance, restructuring, code-switching, foreignising, literal translation and repetition .
Types of Communicative Strategies
Reduction
Achievement
Reduction
Achievement
to keep to the original message. compensate for the lack of means and linguistic resources
giving up part of the original message.
VS
Reduction
Achievement
compensates for the lack of means and linguistic resources can be compensatory and retrieval
can be formal and functional. attempts to avoid a communication problem.
VS
Strategy Training
we can 'teach' students to become more efficient learners of a foreign language