Cell Theory& cell division
Cell
Made by: Maheen Khan 9-4
History
of
the
Cell Theory
RobertHook
Discovery of The Cell
- In 1665, Robert Hook, an English physicist used the microscope to discover cells.
- He observed a cork under a microscope and saw multiple box-shaped structures, which he ended up naming cells because they reminded him of cells in a monastery.
- His discovery led to the development of what we now know as the "Cell Theory"
Theodor Schwann
Creation of The Cell Theory
The smallest unit of function and structure in all living organisms
- In 1839, Theodor Schwann, one hundred and seventy-four years after the discovery of cells, proposed the "Classic Cell Theory".
- Because of the improvement in technology over the past years, the "Classic Cell Theory" has evolved into the "Modern Cell Theory", which includes an additional three scientific statements.
Classic Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of cells.
- A cell is the smallest and most basic unit of all organisms.
- A cell comes from pre-existing cells.
- DNA is passed between cells during cell divison.
- The cells of all organisms within a similar species are mostly the same, both chemically and structurally.
- Energy flow occurs within cells.
- All living things are composed of cells.
- A cell is the smallest and most basic unit of all organisms.
- A cell comes from pre-existing cells.
VS
Basic Animal Cell Organelles
- Nucleus
- Mitochondrion
- Cell Membrane
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Cytoplasm
- Lysosome
- Golgi Body
- Golgi Apparatus
- DNA
- Vacuole
Animal Cell
Basic Plant Cell Organelles
- Cell wall
- cell membrane
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Vacuole
- Nucleus
- Peroxisome
- Golgi Apparatus
Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
VS
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
- Contain Chloroplast. (for Photosynthesis)
- Have both, a cell wall and a cell membrane
- Has a rectangular shape. (fixed)
- A singular large central vacuole.
- Cilia usually not present.
- Do not contain Chloroplast.
- Have only a cell membrane.
- Have a round and irregular shape.
- Multiple smaller vacuoles.
- Contains cilia
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Nucleus
The nucleus is like the brain of the cell. It controls the activity of the cell.
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion is like the powerhouse of the cell. It is the site for generating energy to power the cell.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum help in unifying and strengthening substances needed by the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins required by the rest of the cell in order to function.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Cell Membrane
Cell membrane controls the materials entering and exiting the cell.
Cell Wall
A cell wall is basically like a wall. It protects and provides structural support to the cell.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Ribosomes
Ribosomes merge and combine all of the proteins in the cell.
Lysosomes
Lysosome is like the digestive sytem within the cell. It primarily breaks down parts of the cell that is surplus.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the empty space or the jelly-like substance within a cell. Mitosis and meiosis, which I will be getting into, later on, both occur in the cytoplasm, as well as the first stage of cellular respiration.
Vacuole
The vacuole in animal cells helps to get rid of waste, and in a plant cell, it helps in maintaining water balance.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Golgi Body
The Golgi body is the site where the proteins are received from the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to their final destinations.
DNA
The DNA contains everything that the body needs in order to survive, reproduce, and develope.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Peroxisome
The peroxisome contains special enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide.
Ribosomes
basic Parts of the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Lamina
Chromatin
- Nuclear Envelope
- Nucleoplasm/Nucleus Sap
- Nucleus Matrix
- Chromatin
- Nuclear Lamina
- Nucleolus
- Nuclear Pores
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus parts
Nuclear Membrane/Envelope
Definations
Inside the nucleus, the nuclear membrane forms an envelope-like structure around the nuclear contents. It sets apart the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. It is composed of two layers of membrane. The outer membrane and the inner membrane.
Chromatin
Chromatin is the compound established by the DNA and its assisting structural proteins. It is the molecular matter of the chromosome.
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin, which is inside of the nucleus, is stored in the nucleoplasm, which is a jelly-like substance.
Nuclear Pores
Nuclear Pores are substances that allow the matter to exit or enter the nucleus. They are tiny channels that stretch across the nuclear membrane. A set of proteins line each and every individual pore, which is called the nuclear complex. This substance is what controls the molecules that can enter or exit.
Nucleus Matrix
Inside the nucleus, the nucleus matrix is a network of proteins that stretches throughout the nucleoplasm.
Nucleolus
Inside the nucleus, new ribosomes are assembled at a site called the nucleolus.
Nuclear Lamina
cell cycle regulation, RNA transcription, DNA replication, nuclear and chromatin organization, nuclear migration, cell development and differentiation, and apoptosis are just some of the nuclear activities that the nuclear lamina is involved in inside the nucleus. It is near the second membrane of the nuclear membrane called the inner nuclear membrane. The nuclear lamina is composed of a substance called lamins
DifferentCell types
Click on them to get a better look!
Bone Cells
Stem Cells
Blood Cells
Red blood cells are the cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.White blood cells help the body fight diseases. They are a part of the body's immune system.
Bone cells are four different types of bone cells that maintain the mineral composition and formation of the bones.
Stem cells are cells that can develop into many different cell types.
Male Reproductive Cell(Sperm Cells)
Female Egg Cells
Muscle Cells
Muscle cells are three different types of muscle cells that work together to help the muscles contract.
Female egg cells are the reproductive cell of female humans, animals and plants. It connects with the sperm cell to produce offspring.
Sperm cells are the reproductive cell of male humans, animals and plants that unite with a singular egg cell to form a new individual cell.
Fat Cells
Nerve Cells
Fat cells are the cells that store energy in the from of triglycerides.
Nerve cells are the cells that carry messages from the body to the brain and then back to the body.
Cell division:mitosis & meiosis
Cell Division
-Cell division includes two very different types:1. Mitosis (more commonly talked about) 2. Meiosis. -Approximately two trillion cells divide in the human body each day. -Cell division is when cells divide to make new cells. A singular cell divides to produce two cells, then those two cells can divide to make four cells, and so on. The cell that divides is known as the "parent cell", and the "parent cell" then divides into the two "daughter cells". This is called the cell cycle. -If cells keep dividing continuously without stopping at the appropriate time, it can lead to cancer.
Mitosis
Division of non-reproductive cells
-In mitosis, the cells that divide (daughter cells) are exact replicas of the parent cell and even have the same number of chromosomes and the same DNA. And because they are exact replicas, no genetic diversity is originated if the cells are healthy.-Suitable for the growth of multicellular organisms, repairing tissues, and maintenance. -Diploid cells are the "daughter" cells in mitosis.
Mitosis
Cell Cycle
-Nuclear Envelope breaks down. -Chromosomes become visible/condense. -Centrosomes advance towards opposite poles. Centrosomes create spindle fibres. -Nucleolus dissapears.
-Cytoplasm may begin to divide. -Chromosomes arrive at poles and begin to decondense. -Nuclear envelope begins to re-from and surrounds each set of chromosomes.
-Thick & coiled chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate. -Each chromosome is lined up with two chromatids.
-Chromatids of each indivisual chromosome are pulled towards opposite poles. -centromeres split in to two.
-Parent cell divides in to two diploid cells (daughter cells).-Can be an animal or a plant cell.
-Chromosomes keep condensing.
Anaphase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Cytokinesis/ Daughter cells
Meiosis
Division of reproductive cells
-In meiosis, the cells that divide (daughter cells) are not replicas of the parent cell.-The parent cell divides into four daughter cells in which the chromosomes are half the amount of the parent cell. -A reduced amount of chromosomes is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. -Each new daughter cell embodies a distinctive set of genetic information. -Produces sex cells, male sperm cells, and female egg cells. -If the egg cell and the sperm cell join after meiosis, a new organism can be formed. (offspring) -Genetic recombination is when a fragment of each chromosome re-attaches to another chromosome after it breaks off from its own during meiosis. It is also when DNA gets switched around and gets divided into four haploids (daughter) cells. - Genetic recombination is the reason why siblings (children from the same parent) can look very different from each other.
-Meiosis cell division has two stages. Meiosis I and Meiosis II.-Meiosis I: reduces the number of chromosomes and genetic recombination occurs. -Meiosis II: reduces the amount of genetic information in each individual chromosome. -Haploid cells are the "daughter" cells in meiosis. -In the end, four haploid cells are produced and have half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis
Cell Cycle
Bibliography
Admin. “Animal Cell - Structure, Function, Diagram and Types.” BYJUS, BYJU'S, 5 July 2022, https://byjus.com/biology/animal-cell/Alexandr. “Nuclear Matrix - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary.” Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online, 1 Mar. 2021, https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/nuclear- matrix.
“Cell Theory.” National Geographic Society, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/cell-theory.
“The Cell: Types, Functions, and Organelles.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320878.
Cohen, Paul, and Bruce M Spiegelman. “Cell Biology of Fat Storage.” Molecular Biology of the Cell, The American Society for Cell Biology, 15 Aug. 2016, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985254/.
“Default - Stanford Medicine Children's Health.” Stanford Medicine Children's Health - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=what-are-stem-cells-160-38.
Gruenbaum Y;Goldman RD;Meyuhas R;Mills E;Margalit A;Fridkin A;Dayani Y;Prokocimer M;Enosh A; “The Nuclear Lamina and Its Functions in the Nucleus.” International Review of Cytology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12921235/#:~:text=The%20nuclear%20lamina%20is%20an,%2C%20nuclear%20migration%2C%20and%20apoptosis.
“How Do Cells Divide?: Medlineplus Genetics.” MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/cellsdivide/#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,a%20fundamental%20process%20for%20life.
Kazilek. “Cell Division.” Kazilek, 3 Feb. 2014, https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-division.
“NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms.” National Cancer Institute, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/white-blood-cell.
“Nucleus and Ribosomes (Article).” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/a/nucleus-and-ribosomes.
“Nucleus - Structure and Functions.” Perkins School for the Blind, 3 Aug. 2022, https://www.perkins.org/resource/nucleus-structure-and- functions/#:~:text=The%20nucleus%20is%20composed%20of,nuclear%20matrix%2C%20chromatin%20and%20nucleolus.
“Plant vs Animal Cells Review (Article).” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-plant-vs-animal-cells/a/hs-plant-vs-animal-cells-review.
“Robert Hooke.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Hooke.
“Sperm Cell Definition & Meaning.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sperm%20cell.
“Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers.” Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers, https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cell-theory-definition-timeline-parts.html.
“Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers.” Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers, https://study.com/learn/lesson/plant-cell-anatomy-functions.html#:~:text=Each%20plant%20cell%20will%20have,and%20surrounded%20by%20the%20cytoskeleton.
“Theodor Schwann.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodor-Schwann.
Thank You!
Cell Theory & Cell Division
Maheen Khan
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Transcript
Cell Theory& cell division
Cell
Made by: Maheen Khan 9-4
History
of
the
Cell Theory
RobertHook
Discovery of The Cell
Theodor Schwann
Creation of The Cell Theory
- Cells:
The smallest unit of function and structure in all living organismsClassic Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory
VS
Basic Animal Cell Organelles
Animal Cell
Basic Plant Cell Organelles
Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
VS
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Nucleus
The nucleus is like the brain of the cell. It controls the activity of the cell.
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion is like the powerhouse of the cell. It is the site for generating energy to power the cell.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum help in unifying and strengthening substances needed by the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins required by the rest of the cell in order to function.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Cell Membrane
Cell membrane controls the materials entering and exiting the cell.
Cell Wall
A cell wall is basically like a wall. It protects and provides structural support to the cell.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Ribosomes
Ribosomes merge and combine all of the proteins in the cell.
Lysosomes
Lysosome is like the digestive sytem within the cell. It primarily breaks down parts of the cell that is surplus.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the empty space or the jelly-like substance within a cell. Mitosis and meiosis, which I will be getting into, later on, both occur in the cytoplasm, as well as the first stage of cellular respiration.
Vacuole
The vacuole in animal cells helps to get rid of waste, and in a plant cell, it helps in maintaining water balance.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Golgi Body
The Golgi body is the site where the proteins are received from the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to their final destinations.
DNA
The DNA contains everything that the body needs in order to survive, reproduce, and develope.
Animal/plant cell organelles
Brief Definations
Peroxisome
The peroxisome contains special enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide.
Ribosomes
basic Parts of the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Lamina
Chromatin
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus parts
Nuclear Membrane/Envelope
Definations
Inside the nucleus, the nuclear membrane forms an envelope-like structure around the nuclear contents. It sets apart the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. It is composed of two layers of membrane. The outer membrane and the inner membrane.
Chromatin
Chromatin is the compound established by the DNA and its assisting structural proteins. It is the molecular matter of the chromosome.
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin, which is inside of the nucleus, is stored in the nucleoplasm, which is a jelly-like substance.
Nuclear Pores
Nuclear Pores are substances that allow the matter to exit or enter the nucleus. They are tiny channels that stretch across the nuclear membrane. A set of proteins line each and every individual pore, which is called the nuclear complex. This substance is what controls the molecules that can enter or exit.
Nucleus Matrix
Inside the nucleus, the nucleus matrix is a network of proteins that stretches throughout the nucleoplasm.
Nucleolus
Inside the nucleus, new ribosomes are assembled at a site called the nucleolus.
Nuclear Lamina
cell cycle regulation, RNA transcription, DNA replication, nuclear and chromatin organization, nuclear migration, cell development and differentiation, and apoptosis are just some of the nuclear activities that the nuclear lamina is involved in inside the nucleus. It is near the second membrane of the nuclear membrane called the inner nuclear membrane. The nuclear lamina is composed of a substance called lamins
DifferentCell types
Click on them to get a better look!
Bone Cells
Stem Cells
Blood Cells
Red blood cells are the cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.White blood cells help the body fight diseases. They are a part of the body's immune system.
Bone cells are four different types of bone cells that maintain the mineral composition and formation of the bones.
Stem cells are cells that can develop into many different cell types.
Male Reproductive Cell(Sperm Cells)
Female Egg Cells
Muscle Cells
Muscle cells are three different types of muscle cells that work together to help the muscles contract.
Female egg cells are the reproductive cell of female humans, animals and plants. It connects with the sperm cell to produce offspring.
Sperm cells are the reproductive cell of male humans, animals and plants that unite with a singular egg cell to form a new individual cell.
Fat Cells
Nerve Cells
Fat cells are the cells that store energy in the from of triglycerides.
Nerve cells are the cells that carry messages from the body to the brain and then back to the body.
Cell division:mitosis & meiosis
Cell Division
-Cell division includes two very different types:1. Mitosis (more commonly talked about) 2. Meiosis. -Approximately two trillion cells divide in the human body each day. -Cell division is when cells divide to make new cells. A singular cell divides to produce two cells, then those two cells can divide to make four cells, and so on. The cell that divides is known as the "parent cell", and the "parent cell" then divides into the two "daughter cells". This is called the cell cycle. -If cells keep dividing continuously without stopping at the appropriate time, it can lead to cancer.
Mitosis
Division of non-reproductive cells
-In mitosis, the cells that divide (daughter cells) are exact replicas of the parent cell and even have the same number of chromosomes and the same DNA. And because they are exact replicas, no genetic diversity is originated if the cells are healthy.-Suitable for the growth of multicellular organisms, repairing tissues, and maintenance. -Diploid cells are the "daughter" cells in mitosis.
Mitosis
Cell Cycle
-Nuclear Envelope breaks down. -Chromosomes become visible/condense. -Centrosomes advance towards opposite poles. Centrosomes create spindle fibres. -Nucleolus dissapears.
-Cytoplasm may begin to divide. -Chromosomes arrive at poles and begin to decondense. -Nuclear envelope begins to re-from and surrounds each set of chromosomes.
-Thick & coiled chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate. -Each chromosome is lined up with two chromatids.
-Chromatids of each indivisual chromosome are pulled towards opposite poles. -centromeres split in to two.
-Parent cell divides in to two diploid cells (daughter cells).-Can be an animal or a plant cell.
-Chromosomes keep condensing.
Anaphase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Cytokinesis/ Daughter cells
Meiosis
Division of reproductive cells
-In meiosis, the cells that divide (daughter cells) are not replicas of the parent cell.-The parent cell divides into four daughter cells in which the chromosomes are half the amount of the parent cell. -A reduced amount of chromosomes is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. -Each new daughter cell embodies a distinctive set of genetic information. -Produces sex cells, male sperm cells, and female egg cells. -If the egg cell and the sperm cell join after meiosis, a new organism can be formed. (offspring) -Genetic recombination is when a fragment of each chromosome re-attaches to another chromosome after it breaks off from its own during meiosis. It is also when DNA gets switched around and gets divided into four haploids (daughter) cells. - Genetic recombination is the reason why siblings (children from the same parent) can look very different from each other.
-Meiosis cell division has two stages. Meiosis I and Meiosis II.-Meiosis I: reduces the number of chromosomes and genetic recombination occurs. -Meiosis II: reduces the amount of genetic information in each individual chromosome. -Haploid cells are the "daughter" cells in meiosis. -In the end, four haploid cells are produced and have half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis
Cell Cycle
Bibliography
Admin. “Animal Cell - Structure, Function, Diagram and Types.” BYJUS, BYJU'S, 5 July 2022, https://byjus.com/biology/animal-cell/Alexandr. “Nuclear Matrix - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary.” Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online, 1 Mar. 2021, https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/nuclear- matrix. “Cell Theory.” National Geographic Society, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/cell-theory. “The Cell: Types, Functions, and Organelles.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320878. Cohen, Paul, and Bruce M Spiegelman. “Cell Biology of Fat Storage.” Molecular Biology of the Cell, The American Society for Cell Biology, 15 Aug. 2016, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985254/. “Default - Stanford Medicine Children's Health.” Stanford Medicine Children's Health - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=what-are-stem-cells-160-38. Gruenbaum Y;Goldman RD;Meyuhas R;Mills E;Margalit A;Fridkin A;Dayani Y;Prokocimer M;Enosh A; “The Nuclear Lamina and Its Functions in the Nucleus.” International Review of Cytology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12921235/#:~:text=The%20nuclear%20lamina%20is%20an,%2C%20nuclear%20migration%2C%20and%20apoptosis. “How Do Cells Divide?: Medlineplus Genetics.” MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/cellsdivide/#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,a%20fundamental%20process%20for%20life. Kazilek. “Cell Division.” Kazilek, 3 Feb. 2014, https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-division. “NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms.” National Cancer Institute, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/white-blood-cell. “Nucleus and Ribosomes (Article).” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/a/nucleus-and-ribosomes. “Nucleus - Structure and Functions.” Perkins School for the Blind, 3 Aug. 2022, https://www.perkins.org/resource/nucleus-structure-and- functions/#:~:text=The%20nucleus%20is%20composed%20of,nuclear%20matrix%2C%20chromatin%20and%20nucleolus. “Plant vs Animal Cells Review (Article).” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-plant-vs-animal-cells/a/hs-plant-vs-animal-cells-review. “Robert Hooke.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Hooke. “Sperm Cell Definition & Meaning.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sperm%20cell. “Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers.” Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers, https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cell-theory-definition-timeline-parts.html. “Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers.” Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers, https://study.com/learn/lesson/plant-cell-anatomy-functions.html#:~:text=Each%20plant%20cell%20will%20have,and%20surrounded%20by%20the%20cytoskeleton. “Theodor Schwann.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodor-Schwann.
Thank You!