Citing sources. A survival guide

PLAGIArism, CITing sources and writing a bibliography

A SURVIVAL GUIDE

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PLAGIARISM

• Definition

• Types of plagiarism and fraud

• Avoid plagiarism

In-Text Citations

• General rules

• AI-generated content

• Using quotation marks

• Citing several authors

• Citing a secondary source

BiBLIOGRAPHY

• General rules

• Reference entry for book, journal article

• Reference entry for report/study, newspaper

• Reference entry for generative AI content

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don't fall into the trap!

What is plagiarism?

Almost everyone knows that copying and pasting someone else's text without mentioning the source is plagiarism.

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But many people do not know that plagiarism is also:

Using artificial intelligence generated content in an assignment or exam, without authorization and explicit mention.

Reformulating or translating an author's idea (paraphrase) without mentioning the source.

Copying a passage without mentioning the source.

Doing a piece of work collectively that should be done individually; or asking someone else to do it for you (fraud).

Using graphic content, images, tables and figures without attribution.

Presenting the same work or part of it in several courses without the agreement of the professors.

Presenting research data that has been falsified or fabricated.

what do you risk if you plagiarize?

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To avoid plagiarism: indicate the sources

ORGANIZE YOUR SOURCES

To save time and improve your efficiency: use Zotero

In a few clicks, you can:

collect your sources as you do your research in one place;

enrich your references by adding notes and documents;

insert your quotes as you write and automatically generate your bibliography.

To install ZOTERO, go to the documentation page, installation section of Zotero website

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CITING SOURCES IN THE BODY OF THE TEXT

INDICATE YOUR SOURCES ACCORDING TO APA STYLE

When copying word for word (exact quotation) or reformulating sentences (paraphrase) from others, indicate in the text: the author, the date of publication and the page number.

You can mention the author in brackets:

The author states that "..." (Rubinstein, 2006, p. 15).A recent study (Rubinstein, 2006) revealed that...

You can insert the author's name in the logic of the sentence (narrative citation):

As defined by Rubinstein (2006, p. 15): "...".Rubinstein (2006) observed that...In 2006, Rubinstein wrote: "..." (p. 15)

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APA STYLE IN-TEXT CITATION OF AI-GENERATED CONTENT

Citing the text generated by an Artificial Intelligence tool from a chat session means sharing the result of an algorithm; the author of the algorithm must therefore be credited.

In order to cite texts generated by AI tools, the APA standard recommends using software citation rules:

• Long answers can be placed in an appendix of the work.

• Provide the precise name of the model used (GPT3.5; GPT-4, Llama2,…).

Indicate the question or prompt used in quotation marks, then any relevant text that was generated in response in quotation marks too.

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USING QUOTATION MARKS PROPERLY

The rules for presenting sources in the body of the text vary depending on the size of the text, but also on the way you use it.

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Citing sources with several authors

• Separate authors' names with a comma.

• The last name in the list is preceded by an ampersand "&" for a source in parentheses or "and" in the logic of the sentence (narrative citation).

• Use "et al." for citations to sources with three or more authors.

Summary table: in-text citations with multiple authors

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Citing an author who cites another author: secondary source

Avoid using a secondary source to cite the original source. Instead, try to find the original text and quote it directly.

When to use a secondary source?

If the original source is not accessible (rare source, deleted internet page, out of print work...).

If you are interested in the analysis of the original source, by a more recent author.

How to cite a secondary source?

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LIST YOUR SOURCES IN A STRUCTURED BIBLIOGRAPHY ACCORDING TO APA STYLE

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Citing your sources in the bibliography

All the sources you cite in the text must also be cited in the bibliography according to the rules below:

One and a half line spacing separates each reference. The bibliographic reference is single-spaced.

Your sources should be listed in the alphabetical order of the authors' names. If you have several sources written by the same author(s), sort them by date of publication.

If there is no author's name, use the title of the article instead.

Place the bibliography at the end of the text, just before the appendices.

TO SAVE TIME, make your bibliography automatically with ZOTERO!

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bibliographic citation Examples by type of work

BOOK

Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book (xth ed.). Publisher. URL or DOI (if online source )

exAmple

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article, Title of journal, volume(number), xx-yy. URL or DOI (of online source)

exAmple

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MORE examples of bibliographical references

REPORT / CASE STUDY

Author, A. (year). Title of report/study. Publisher. URL

exAmple

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Author, A. (date). Title of article. Title of newspaper. URL

exAmple

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reference entry for generative AI CONTENT

Author. (year). Title (version ) [Descriptor]. URL

exAmple

• Author: the owner of the algorithm.
• Date: the year of the version used.
• Title: the name of the model, as precise as possible (e.g. ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), is italicized.
• Version: provided by the model, is in brackets after the title.
• Descriptor: in square brackets, is used to help the reader understand what is being quoted. In the case of a reference to ChatGPT, indicate "Large Language Model"
• URL: use the URL that refers as directly as possible to the source (i.e. the page where you can access the model, not the tool's homepage

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LEARN MORE ABOUT CITING SOURCES WITH APA STYLE

Visit their web page about in-text citation.

Discover their guide for a bibliographic reference by type of work.

View examples of common types of references.

Check out the book containing the APA's complete citation rules, available in the Knowledge Centre catalog.

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thanks

If you have any questions, come to the Knowledge Centre or contact us by email:

kcentre-rouen@neoma-bs.fr

kcentre-paris@neoma-bs.fr

kcentre-reims@neoma-bs.fr

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NEOMA BS has plagiarism detection software. All dissertations are submitted to this software, as well as a large number of other works required from you. In the case of plagiarism or exam fraud, the student is liable to an academic sanction (a mark of 0 in the relevant exam or in the whole of a subject or credit), and disciplinary proceedings.

Example: When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT4-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as left-brained or right-brained is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

Example: Text generated by ChatGPT-4 indicated that "different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes" and that "the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors" (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for full transcript).