English 12
Vocabulary
Vocabuarly is organized by unit and lesson. Additional lessons will be added throughout the year. If the definition provided came from a source outside of Edio, the source will be linked by the word. Many are direct quotations.
INDEX
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 1
Unit 1; Class Introduction
MLA: (Modern Language Association) one way to format essays and cite sources.
Plagiarism: presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.
Citation: the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find the location details of that source on the reference or Works Cited page.
In-Text Citations: brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited.
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Unit 1: Independent Learning Options
genre: a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition characterized by a particular style, form, or content
SEL: (Social Emotional Learning) how children learn to understand and manage their emotions, set goals, show empathy for others, establish positive relationships, and make responsible decisions. These skills are based on five strategies: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.
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Unit 1; Topic 1
Hero: a person admired for achievements and noble qualities
Forge: refers to shaping tough, rigid metal through a cold or very hot process as a blacksmith might do.
Claim: the main argument of an essay. It is the most important part of an academic paper. It defines the paper’s goals, direction, and scope. It is supported by evidence.
Summary: a brief statement or account of the main points of something.
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Unit 1; Topic 2 - First Read - Wrath of Grendel & The Coming of Beowulf
lair: a secluded or hidden place, especially a secret retreat or base of operations; a hideout or hideaway
stalk: to pursue or approach prey, quarry, etc., stealthily.
gorge: to eat greedily
writhe: to twist the body about or squirm, as in pain, violent effort, uncontrolled passion, etc.
loathsome: causing feelings of loathing; disgusting; revolting; repulsive:
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Unit 1; Topic 2 - First Read - Wrath of Grendel & The Coming of Beowulf
exposition: the background information on the characters and setting explained at the beginning of the story.
protagonist: the main character of a story, usually the hero
antagonist: a character or force that works against the protagonist
more info
epic hero: the larger-than-life central character in an epic
apposition: a technique where nouns or noun phrases are placed next to each other in order to rename the first noun
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Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - Battle with Grendel & The Monster's Lair
gruesome: causing repulsion or horror; grisly.
writhe: to make twisting or turning movements
character trait: key aspects of someone's personality and identity.
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Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - Battle with Grendel & The Monster's Lair
implicit: information is implied but not openly expressed. With implicit information, you have to make inferences to give you a picture of what this character is like.
inference: a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence
explicit: information is stated clearly, leaving no room for confusion or doubt
fate: the will or principle or determining cause by which things in general are believed to come to be as they are or events to happen as they do
setting: where and when a story takes place
lair: a secluded or hidden place, especially a secret retreat or base of operations; a hideout or hideaway
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Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - Battle with Grendel's Mother & The Last Battle
loathsome: causing feelings of loathing; disgusting; revolting; repulsive:
Unit 1; Topic 2: Close Read - Battle with Grendel's Mother & The Last Battle
theme: a writing's message about life (This is NOT the same as the plot.)
tone: attitude a writer communicates toward a subject or an audience through his or her choice of words and style.
mood: an overall feeling a piece of writing generates in readers
conflict: a struggle between opposing forces; this is the section of the story that kicks off the rising action
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Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - The Spoils and Farewell
syntax: a sentence's structure, or the arrangement of its words and how they relate
For a graphic organizer comparing apposition and diazeugm, click here.
apposition: the placement of two elements, typically nouns or noun phrases, side by side so that the second identifies, clarifies, or elaborates on the first.
diazeugm: the linkage of a single subject with two or more verbs, either to add dimension to the first verb or to establish a clear sequence of actions or events.
NOTE: The Anglo-Saxon suffix -some means “causing,” “tending to,” or “to a considerable degree.” For example, "worrisome" means causing someone to worry.
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Unit 1; Topic 2: Beowulf Review
lair: den, hiding place
stalk: pursue or approach stealthily.
gruesome: causing repulsion or horror; grisly.
writhe: to make twisting or turning movements
loathsome: causing feelings of loathing; disgusting; revolting; repulsive:
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Unit 1; Topic 2: Beowulf - Graphic Novel
mood: an overall feeling a piece of writing generates in readers
sequence of events: the order that events happen in a story
design elements: include the artwork, shading, color, and other design decisions, such as panel size and font, that an artist uses to tell the story.
sensory details in images: image details that appeal to the senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch
comparing characters: what the characters have in common and how they are different
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Unit 1; Topic 3: Explanatory Writing Workshop
explanatory essay: explains how or why something happened or how something works
thesis statement: names your topic and expresses your main idea about the topic. It is also sometimes referred to as just the thesis. The thesis statement defines your essay and helps organize and focus your essay.
hook: first part of the introduction; it get the reader's attention and create a desire to continue reading
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Unit 2; Topic 3: Live Class - Formal Tone in Writing
tone: the author's attitude toward the subject
formal writing: Formal writing is written for an audience you don’t know on a personal level. It’s typically more complex than informal writing. Formal writing has a less personal tone and the language is more proper.
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Unit 1; Topic 4: Poetry Introduction
poetic devices: tools that a poet can use to create rhythm, enhance a poem's meaning, or intensify a mood or feeling
line: unit into which a poem is divided
stanza: a grouped set of lines within a poem usually set off from other stanzas by a blank line or indentation.
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Unit 1; Topic 4: Poetry First Read
context clues: the surrounding words and phrases which can be used to determine word meaning
Unit 1; Topic 4: Poetry Close Read
sound device: the way the poet uses sound such as rhyme
refrain: a line or stanza that is repeated at regular intervals to emphasize the most important ideas and structure rhythm
incremental repetition: when a poet changes the repeated line slightly
theme: the central ideas or message of a writing
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Unit 1; Topic 4: Comparing Poems
diction: an author's word choices, and their arrangement of words and phrases
tone: the author's attitude toward a subject.
theme: the central ideas or message of a writing
compare-and-contrast: A compare and contrast essay is an essay that defines and makes a point about the similarities or differences between two topics. In compare and contrast essays, to compare is to highlight similarities, while to contrast is to highlight differences.
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Unit 1; Topic 4: Patch WWII Hero
navigate: With a computer, navigation refers to the act of opening and moving through computer menus
embedded video: Embedding lets you place a video directly into your website for users to view without having to leave to play it on another page.
slide show: a presentation of digital images, sometimes with text, viewed in progression on a screen.
Unit 2
Unit 2; Topic 1: Introduction
annotate: When you annotate, you write critical explanations to add extra insight about something. These explanations can be necessary to understanding writings in which the language might be difficult to make sense of without clarification.
Explanatory Text: texts help readers better understand a complex idea
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Unit 2; Topic 1: Historical Perspective 1066-1485
Cursades: a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions — varying in size, strength and degree of success — occurred between 1096 and 1291
Parliament: an assemblage of the nobility, clergy, and commons called together by the British sovereign as the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom
Black Death: a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s.
Meritocarcy: a system, organization, or society in which people are chosen and moved into positions of success, power, and influence on the basis of their demonstrated abilities and merit
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Unit 2; Topic 2: First Read & Close Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 1-168
Archetype: the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies
Valiantly: in a bold and stouthearted way; bravely or courageously
Description: discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced
Sensory Details: words that stir any of the five senses: touch, taste, sound, smell, and sight.
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Unit 2; Topic 2: First Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 169-560
personable: pleasant or amiable
sincerity: honesty of mind : freedom from hypocrisy
eminent: exhibiting eminence especially in standing above others in some quality or position
discreet: unobtrusive, unnoticeable
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Unit 2; Topic 2: Close Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 169-560
verbal irony: a statement in which the speaker’s words are incongruous with the speaker's intent. The speaker says one thing, but they really mean another, resulting in an ironic clash between their intended meaning and their literal words.
sarcasm: a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain
social commentary: critiques one or more aspects of society so as to highlight its flaws and ideally prevent their continuation.
tone: the author’s attitude toward a certain topic.
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Unit 2; Topic 2: First Read & Close Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 560-855
broad: having ample extent from side to side or between limits
sensory description: the use of words and phrases that appeal to the five senses
voice: the individual writing style of an author, a combination of the usage of syntax, diction, punctuation, character development, dialogue, and word choice. It plays an important role in the way a writer’s ideas are conveyed.
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Unit 2; Topic 2: Canterbury Tales - Ending
heroic couplet: a pair of rhyming lines written in iambic pentameter
closed : Heroic couplets can be closed, which means the meaning is fully expressed in the two lines.
enjambment: If the meaning spills over into the following lines, the heroic couplet has enjambment.
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Unit 2; Topic 2: Canterbury Tales - Written Expression
social commentary: critiques one or more aspects of society so as to highlight its flaws and ideally prevent their continuation.
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Unit 2; Topic 2: Canterbury Tales - Remix 1
delivery: the way in which speakers say there wordsgesture: movement or a part or parts of the body, especially of the hands, to communicate audience reaction: how viewers or listeners respond to a performance
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Unit 2; Topic 3 - Creative Writing Project
plot: the sequence of events that draws the reader from beginning to end.characters: a person, animal, being, creature, or thing in a story social commentary: an element of a narrative that levels a comment — usually a critique — on societal issues or general society as a whole
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Unit 2; Topic 4 - Nonfiction Introduction
nonfiction: writing that is about real events and facts, rather than stories that have been invented biography: a written account of another person's life autobiography: a written account of a person's life in their own words primary source: immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. secondary source: one step removed from primary sources, though they often quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a layer of interpretation and analysis.
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Unit 2; Topic 4 - Nonfiction Close Read
context clues: the bits of information within a text that can serve as hints to help a reader understand the meaning of an unfamiliar or unusual word or passage transition words: Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text cause and effect: In composition, cause and effect is a method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the reasons for—and/or the consequences of—an action, event, or decision. historical context: Historical context deals with the details that surround an occurrence. In more technical terms, historical context refers to the social, religious, economic, and political conditions that existed during a certain time and place symbol: any image or thing that stands for something else.
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Unit 2; Topic 5 - The Windrush
passenger manifest: a document that lists information about a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. It often includes details about the crew, passengers, and cargo, as well as the time and place of both its departure and its arrival. Windrush Generation: includes the British citizens who moved to Britain from British Commonwealth Countries.
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Unit 3
Unit 3, Topic 1: Introduction & Historical Context
argument: In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea. Renaissance: the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in the 14th century in Italy, lasting into the 17th century, and marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence expressed in a flowering of the arts and literature and by the beginnings of modern science Protestant Reformation: a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine. Puritans: members of a religious movement who believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible.
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Unit 3, Topic 1: Literature and Culture
Elizabethan theater: sometimes called English Renaissance theatre, refers to that style of performance plays which blossomed during the reign of Elizabeth I of England idioms: a kind of figurative language used in literature and in daily speech. They are phrases that are not meant to be taken literally but that have a widely understood meaning in a given language or culture syntax: the order or arrangement of words and phrases to form proper sentences.
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 1 (first read)
revolt: to break away from or rise against constituted authority, as by open rebellion; cast off allegiance or subjection to those in authority; rebel; mutiny captivity: the state or period of being held, imprisoned, enslaved, or confined assault: a sudden, violent attack; onslaught flout: to treat with disdain, scorn, or contempt; scoff at; mock rebellious: defying or resisting some established authority, government, or tradition; insubordinate; inclined to rebel. treason: the offense of acting to overthrow one's government or to harm or kill its sovereign
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 1 (close read) (page 1 of 2)
foreshadowing: an indication of something that will happen in the future, often used as a literary device to hint at or allude to future plot developments suspense: a state or condition of mental uncertainty or excitement, as in awaiting a decision or outcome, usually accompanied by a degree of apprehension or anxiety. mood: the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader through a story. plot: also called storyline. the plan, scheme, or main story of a literary or dramatic work, as a play, novel, or short story. exposition: the first paragraph or paragraphs in which the characters, setting (time and place), and basic information is introduced. inciting incident: the event that sets the plot into motion, thrusting the main character into the action rising action: the section of the plot leading up to the climax, in which the tension stemming from the story's central conflict grows through successive plot developments
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 1 (close read) (page 2 of 2)
metaphor: a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison (compares to unlike things without using like or as) soliloquy: passage in a drama in which a character expresses his thoughts or feelings aloud while either alone upon the stage or with the other actors keeping silent. motive: something that causes a person to act in a certain way, do a certain thing, etc.; incentive.
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 2 (first read)
allegiance: devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause stealthy: slow, deliberate, and secret in action or character equivocate: to avoid committing oneself in what one says sacrilegious: having or showing a lack of proper respect for a sacred person, place, or object counterfeit: made in imitation of something else with intent to deceive breach: to make a gap in by battering
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 2 (close read) - Original Lesson
inference: a conclusion or opinion that is formed because of known facts or evidence symbol: something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance dialogue: a conversation between two or more persons meter: the rhythmical pattern of a poem or piece of dramatic literature. You can determine the pattern by the number and types of stresses, or beats, in each line. iambic pentameter: a line of poetry consisting of five feet with each foot having one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter verse
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 2 (close read)
forensic scientist: the application of scientific principles and techniques to matters of criminal justice especially as relating to the collection, examination, and analysis of physical evidence inference: a conclusion or opinion that is formed because of known facts or evidence imagery: a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 3 (first read)
foully: in a wicked and shameful manner rancor: a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will incensed: angered at something unjust or wrong malice: feeling a need to see others suffer enrage: put into a rage; make violently angry malevolence: wishing evil to others
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 3 (close read)
dramatic irony: irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play characterization: writer’s tool, or “literary device” that occurs any time the author uses details to teach us about a person. This is used over the course of a story in order to tell the tale. indirect characterization: uses behavior, speech, and appearance, as well as the opinions of other characters
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 4 (first read)
pernicious: highly injurious or destructive: deadly laudable: worthy of praise treacherous: likely to betray trust avaricious: greedy of gain : excessively acquisitive especially in seeking to hoard riches integrity: firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values: incorruptibility sanctity: holiness of life and character
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 4 (close read)
foreshadowing: a literary device used to give an indication or hint of what is to come later in the story. direct characterization: when an author describes a character in a straightforward manner, as if telling the reader directly, also known as “explicit characterization." indirect characterization: a type of literary device that reveals details about a character without stating them explicitly. Instead of describing a character in a straightforward way, the author shows their traits through that character’s actions, speech, thoughts, appearance, and how other characters react to them. theme: a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature archetypes: an idea, symbol, pattern, or character-type, in a story. It’s any story element that appears again and again in stories from cultures around the world and symbolizes something universal in the human experience dramatic irony: when the audience knows something that the characters do not. character motivation: the reason behind a character’s behaviors and actions in a given scene or throughout a story
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 5 (first read)
perturbation: a disturbance of motion, course, arrangement, or state of equilibrium agitation: a state or feeling of being agitated and restles purge: to make free of something unwanted antidote: a remedy to counteract the effects of poison pristine: not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted usurper: one who seizes and holds office, power, position, etc., by force or without right
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Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 5 (close read)
minor characters: characters who are not as important as the major characters, but still play a large part in the story. Their actions help drive the story forward extended metaphor: a metaphor introduced and then further developed throughout all or part of a literary work exclamatory phrases: a phrase that expresses strong emotion tragedy: branch of drama that treats in a serious and dignified style the sorrowful or terrible events encountered or caused by a heroic individual tragic hero: a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat tragic flaw: the character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy compound adjective: A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives are joined together to modify the same noun.
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Unit 3, Topic 3: Writing to Persuade
claim: similar to a thesis statement, the claim is the point you will argue in your argumentative essay. It should be the last sentence in the introduction paragraph. counterclaim: the part of your argumentative essay in which you express why the opposing view of the topic is wrong and your view (the claim) is correct.
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Unit 3, Topic 4: Poetry Collection, Introduction
sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of 14 lines that are typically 5-foot iambics rhyming according to a prescribed scheme literary criticism: the comparison, analysis, interpretation, and/or evaluation of works of literature.
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Unit 3, Topic 4: Poetry Collection, First Read
metaphors: a figure of speech which equates those two things not because they actually are the same, but for the sake of comparison or symbolism personification: a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human simile: a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words “like” or “as.”
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Unit 4
Unit 4, Topic 1: Introduction
engender: to cause to exist or to develop transformation: an act, process, or instance of transforming or being transformed incorporate: to unite or work into something already existent so as to form an indistinguishable whole artifice: clever or artful skill inexorable: not to be persuaded, moved, or stopped : RELENTLESS
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Unit 4, Topic 1: Historical Context
Cavalier: an adherent of Charles I of England in his contest with Parliament. Roundhead: a member or adherent of the Parliamentarians or Puritan party during the civil wars of the 17th century (so called in derision by the Cavaliers because they wore their hair cut short).
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Unit 4, Topic 2: First Read - "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"
virtuous: morally excellent : RIGHTEOUS profane: to treat (something sacred) with abuse, irreverence, or contempt : DESECRATE laity: the people of a religious faith as distinguished from its clergy
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Unit 4, Topic 2: Close Read - "Holy Sonnet 10" (part 1)
sonnet: poetic form with 14 lines of iambic pentameter liked by an intricate rhyme scheme personification: a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical poetry is marked by the use of elaborate figurative languages, original conceits, paradoxes, and philosophical topics. conceit: an elaborate, improbable comparison between two very unlike things to create an imaginative connection between them. paradox: one (such as a person, situation, or action) having seemingly contradictory qualities or phases irony: incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the normal or expected result syntax: the rules that govern language. It is concerned with various parts of speech and the way that words are used together.
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Unit 4, Topic 2: Close Read - "Holy Sonnet 10" (part 2)
indpendnet clause: a group of words that includes a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence. dependent clause: includes a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
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Unit 4, Topic 2: First Read - "Araby"
tedious: tiresome because of length or dullness : BORING chafed: irritate, vex OR to make sore by rubbing intolerable: not tolerable : UNBEARABLE
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Unit 4, Topic 2: First Read - "Araby"
personification: a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human similes: a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as (as in cheeks like roses) metaphors analogy: a comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a particular aspect adjective: a word belonging to one of the major form classes in any of numerous languages and typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named, to indicate its quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something else
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Unit 4, Topic 4: Small-Group Learning: Introduction
figure of speech: a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener exaggeration: overstatement of the truth hyperbole: extravagant exaggeration (such as "mile-high ice-cream cones") understatement: a statement that represents something as smaller or less intense, or less important than it really is : a statement that understates something verbal irony: a figure of speech in which the speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says.
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Unit 4, Topic 4: First Read
Option B: The Inferno
Option A: Gulliver's Travels
jut: to extend out, up, or forward : PROJECT converge: to tend or move toward one point or one another : come together entwine: to twine together or around
proclamation: a public and official announcement. faction: a group or clique within a larger group, party, government, organization, or the like, typically having different opinions and interests than the larger group imperial: characterizing the rule or authority of a sovereign state over its dependencies. dominion: a territory, usually of considerable size, in which a single rulership holds sway. edict: a decree issued by a sovereign or other authority. ambassador: a diplomatic official of the highest rank, sent by one sovereign or state to another as its resident representative
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Unit 4, Topic 4: Close Read
Both Options
Option A: Gulliver's Travels
mood: refers to the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader tone: refers to the author’s attitude toward a certain topic. imagery: a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head
satire: a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn
Option B: The Inferno
periphrasis: use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter form of expression allusion: an implied or indirect reference especially in literature
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Unit 4, Topic 4: Selection 2 - First Read
cinematography: the art or technique of video photography, traditionally used in movies, but also in the production of TV shows and other video content mime: an ancient dramatic entertainment representing scenes from life usually in a ridiculous manner realism: a literary movement that represents reality by portraying mundane, everyday experiences as they are in real life stylization: the way in which an author writes and/or tells a story. superimposition: to place or lay over or above something typography: the style, arrangement, or appearance of typeset mattery description: a statement or account giving the characteristics of someone or something sensory details: use the five senses (sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell) to add depth of detail to
writing.
Unit 4, Topic 4: Close Read
Option A: Gulliver's Travels
Option B: The Inferno
imagery: a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head. alliteration: the repetition of an initial consonant sound in words that are in close proximity to each other. consonance: a literary device that refers to the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a line of text. assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close to each other in a sentence or phrase.
description: discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced sensory details: use the five senses (sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell) to add depth of detail to writing.
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Unit 5
Unit 5, Topic 1: Introduction
personal narrative: The purpose is to describe a story in your life, detailing the account with dialogue, the main events, setting, descriptions of people, and other personal observations.
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Unit 5, Topic 1: Literary Movements
Enlightenment: (also known as the ‘Age of Reason’) the period of rigorous scientific, political and philosophical discourse that characterised European society during the ‘long’ 18th century: from the late 17th century to the ending of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.Romanticism: a literary movement that began in the late 18th century, ending around the middle of the 19th century... Marked by a focus on the individual (and the unique perspective of a person, often guided by irrational, emotional impulses), a respect for nature and the primitive, and a celebration of the common man Paraphrase: a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form (NOTE: paraphrased information does not need quotation marks, but it does need cited.) Direct quotation: A direct quotation is when you take another person’s words and place them in your own
document. (NOTE: direct quotations need to be put in quotation marks and cited.) Parenthetical citation: citations to original sources that appear in the text of your paper (NOTE: the full citation should then be on the works cited page.)
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Introduction
natural philosophy: The study of nature and the physical universe, especially before the advent of modern science. emaciated: To make or become extremely thin, especially as a result of starvation. galvanism: a direct current of electricity especially when produced by chemical action alchemist: a person who practices the medieval chemical science and speculative philosophy aiming to achieve the transmutation of the base metals into gold, the discovery of a universal cure for disease, and the discovery of a means of indefinitely prolonging life
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 1-4 Close Read
exposition: The beginning of the story in which the characters, setting (time and place), and basic information is introduced. point of view (POV): what the character or narrator telling the story can see (his or her perspective)
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 5-8 Close Read
protagonist: the principal character in a literary work (such as a drama or story) antagonist: one that contends with or opposes another flat character: characters who are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated round character: characters who are complex dynamic character: a character who undergoes significant internal change throughout the course of a story static character: a character who does not change throughout the story.
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 9-12 Close Read
sensory details: use the five senses (sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell) to add depth of detail towriting. mood: the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader through a story
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 13-16 Close Read
Nature vs. Nurture is a debate in the field of psychology which attempts to determine which influces play a greater role in the development of personality.
Nature: refers to how genetics influence an individual's personality Nurtrue: refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 13-16 Close Read
Internal Conflicts : conflicts which happen inside a character External Conflicts: conflicts which occur outside a character
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Unit 5, Topic 5: Wordsworth - Close Read
Consonance: the repetition of similar sounds – or consonants (non-vowels) – in language. Consonance is used by writers to communicate rhythm, mood, and flow. Alliteration is a subtype of consonance that requires the similar sounds be placed at the beginning of closely connected words. Mood: the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader Alliteration: the repetition of the same sound at the start of a series of words in succession whose purpose is to provide an audible pulse that gives a piece of writing a lulling, lyrical, and/or emotive effect.
Continued
Unit 5, Topic 5: Comparing Works
Romantic: literture characterized by a celebration of nature and the common man, a focus on individual experience, an idealization of women, and an embrace of isolation and melancholy. Theme: a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature Ode: A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Historical context: being aware of the important events at the time that influenced the creation of the source. Particular events often motivated people to create sources in a specific way.
Continued
Unit 6
Unit 6, Topic 2: Back to My Own Country
Context Clues: hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words. adjective: a word belonging to one of the major form classes in any of numerous languages and typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named, to indicate its quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something else rhetorical question: an inquiry that ends in a question mark but is asked for effect rather than to elicit an answer. It’s often used in persuasive writing but is also common in everyday conversation. sentence fragment: a clause that falls short of true sentencehood because it is missing one of three critical components: a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. setting: when and where the story takes place.
Continued
English 12 Vocabulary
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English 12
Vocabulary
Vocabuarly is organized by unit and lesson. Additional lessons will be added throughout the year. If the definition provided came from a source outside of Edio, the source will be linked by the word. Many are direct quotations.
INDEX
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 1
Unit 1; Class Introduction
MLA: (Modern Language Association) one way to format essays and cite sources.
Plagiarism: presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.
Citation: the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find the location details of that source on the reference or Works Cited page.
In-Text Citations: brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited.
Continued
Unit 1: Independent Learning Options
genre: a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition characterized by a particular style, form, or content
SEL: (Social Emotional Learning) how children learn to understand and manage their emotions, set goals, show empathy for others, establish positive relationships, and make responsible decisions. These skills are based on five strategies: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 1
Hero: a person admired for achievements and noble qualities
Forge: refers to shaping tough, rigid metal through a cold or very hot process as a blacksmith might do.
Claim: the main argument of an essay. It is the most important part of an academic paper. It defines the paper’s goals, direction, and scope. It is supported by evidence.
Summary: a brief statement or account of the main points of something.
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2 - First Read - Wrath of Grendel & The Coming of Beowulf
lair: a secluded or hidden place, especially a secret retreat or base of operations; a hideout or hideaway
stalk: to pursue or approach prey, quarry, etc., stealthily.
gorge: to eat greedily
writhe: to twist the body about or squirm, as in pain, violent effort, uncontrolled passion, etc.
loathsome: causing feelings of loathing; disgusting; revolting; repulsive:
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2 - First Read - Wrath of Grendel & The Coming of Beowulf
exposition: the background information on the characters and setting explained at the beginning of the story.
protagonist: the main character of a story, usually the hero
antagonist: a character or force that works against the protagonist
more info
epic hero: the larger-than-life central character in an epic
apposition: a technique where nouns or noun phrases are placed next to each other in order to rename the first noun
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - Battle with Grendel & The Monster's Lair
gruesome: causing repulsion or horror; grisly.
writhe: to make twisting or turning movements
character trait: key aspects of someone's personality and identity.
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - Battle with Grendel & The Monster's Lair
implicit: information is implied but not openly expressed. With implicit information, you have to make inferences to give you a picture of what this character is like.
inference: a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence
explicit: information is stated clearly, leaving no room for confusion or doubt
fate: the will or principle or determining cause by which things in general are believed to come to be as they are or events to happen as they do
setting: where and when a story takes place
lair: a secluded or hidden place, especially a secret retreat or base of operations; a hideout or hideaway
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - Battle with Grendel's Mother & The Last Battle
loathsome: causing feelings of loathing; disgusting; revolting; repulsive:
Unit 1; Topic 2: Close Read - Battle with Grendel's Mother & The Last Battle
theme: a writing's message about life (This is NOT the same as the plot.)
tone: attitude a writer communicates toward a subject or an audience through his or her choice of words and style.
mood: an overall feeling a piece of writing generates in readers
conflict: a struggle between opposing forces; this is the section of the story that kicks off the rising action
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2: First Read - The Spoils and Farewell
syntax: a sentence's structure, or the arrangement of its words and how they relate
For a graphic organizer comparing apposition and diazeugm, click here.
apposition: the placement of two elements, typically nouns or noun phrases, side by side so that the second identifies, clarifies, or elaborates on the first.
diazeugm: the linkage of a single subject with two or more verbs, either to add dimension to the first verb or to establish a clear sequence of actions or events.
NOTE: The Anglo-Saxon suffix -some means “causing,” “tending to,” or “to a considerable degree.” For example, "worrisome" means causing someone to worry.
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2: Beowulf Review
lair: den, hiding place
stalk: pursue or approach stealthily.
gruesome: causing repulsion or horror; grisly.
writhe: to make twisting or turning movements
loathsome: causing feelings of loathing; disgusting; revolting; repulsive:
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 2: Beowulf - Graphic Novel
mood: an overall feeling a piece of writing generates in readers
sequence of events: the order that events happen in a story
design elements: include the artwork, shading, color, and other design decisions, such as panel size and font, that an artist uses to tell the story.
sensory details in images: image details that appeal to the senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch
comparing characters: what the characters have in common and how they are different
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 3: Explanatory Writing Workshop
explanatory essay: explains how or why something happened or how something works
thesis statement: names your topic and expresses your main idea about the topic. It is also sometimes referred to as just the thesis. The thesis statement defines your essay and helps organize and focus your essay.
hook: first part of the introduction; it get the reader's attention and create a desire to continue reading
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 3: Live Class - Formal Tone in Writing
tone: the author's attitude toward the subject
formal writing: Formal writing is written for an audience you don’t know on a personal level. It’s typically more complex than informal writing. Formal writing has a less personal tone and the language is more proper.
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 4: Poetry Introduction
poetic devices: tools that a poet can use to create rhythm, enhance a poem's meaning, or intensify a mood or feeling
line: unit into which a poem is divided
stanza: a grouped set of lines within a poem usually set off from other stanzas by a blank line or indentation.
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 4: Poetry First Read
context clues: the surrounding words and phrases which can be used to determine word meaning
Unit 1; Topic 4: Poetry Close Read
sound device: the way the poet uses sound such as rhyme
refrain: a line or stanza that is repeated at regular intervals to emphasize the most important ideas and structure rhythm
incremental repetition: when a poet changes the repeated line slightly
theme: the central ideas or message of a writing
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 4: Comparing Poems
diction: an author's word choices, and their arrangement of words and phrases
tone: the author's attitude toward a subject.
theme: the central ideas or message of a writing
compare-and-contrast: A compare and contrast essay is an essay that defines and makes a point about the similarities or differences between two topics. In compare and contrast essays, to compare is to highlight similarities, while to contrast is to highlight differences.
Continued
Unit 1; Topic 4: Patch WWII Hero
navigate: With a computer, navigation refers to the act of opening and moving through computer menus
embedded video: Embedding lets you place a video directly into your website for users to view without having to leave to play it on another page.
slide show: a presentation of digital images, sometimes with text, viewed in progression on a screen.
Unit 2
Unit 2; Topic 1: Introduction
annotate: When you annotate, you write critical explanations to add extra insight about something. These explanations can be necessary to understanding writings in which the language might be difficult to make sense of without clarification.
Explanatory Text: texts help readers better understand a complex idea
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 1: Historical Perspective 1066-1485
Cursades: a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions — varying in size, strength and degree of success — occurred between 1096 and 1291
Parliament: an assemblage of the nobility, clergy, and commons called together by the British sovereign as the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom
Black Death: a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s.
Meritocarcy: a system, organization, or society in which people are chosen and moved into positions of success, power, and influence on the basis of their demonstrated abilities and merit
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 2: First Read & Close Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 1-168
Archetype: the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies
Valiantly: in a bold and stouthearted way; bravely or courageously
Description: discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced
Sensory Details: words that stir any of the five senses: touch, taste, sound, smell, and sight.
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 2: First Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 169-560
personable: pleasant or amiable
sincerity: honesty of mind : freedom from hypocrisy
eminent: exhibiting eminence especially in standing above others in some quality or position
discreet: unobtrusive, unnoticeable
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 2: Close Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 169-560
verbal irony: a statement in which the speaker’s words are incongruous with the speaker's intent. The speaker says one thing, but they really mean another, resulting in an ironic clash between their intended meaning and their literal words.
sarcasm: a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain
social commentary: critiques one or more aspects of society so as to highlight its flaws and ideally prevent their continuation.
tone: the author’s attitude toward a certain topic.
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 2: First Read & Close Read - Canterbury Tales Lines 560-855
broad: having ample extent from side to side or between limits
sensory description: the use of words and phrases that appeal to the five senses
voice: the individual writing style of an author, a combination of the usage of syntax, diction, punctuation, character development, dialogue, and word choice. It plays an important role in the way a writer’s ideas are conveyed.
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 2: Canterbury Tales - Ending
heroic couplet: a pair of rhyming lines written in iambic pentameter
closed : Heroic couplets can be closed, which means the meaning is fully expressed in the two lines.
enjambment: If the meaning spills over into the following lines, the heroic couplet has enjambment.
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 2: Canterbury Tales - Written Expression
social commentary: critiques one or more aspects of society so as to highlight its flaws and ideally prevent their continuation.
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 2: Canterbury Tales - Remix 1
delivery: the way in which speakers say there wordsgesture: movement or a part or parts of the body, especially of the hands, to communicate audience reaction: how viewers or listeners respond to a performance
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 3 - Creative Writing Project
plot: the sequence of events that draws the reader from beginning to end.characters: a person, animal, being, creature, or thing in a story social commentary: an element of a narrative that levels a comment — usually a critique — on societal issues or general society as a whole
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 4 - Nonfiction Introduction
nonfiction: writing that is about real events and facts, rather than stories that have been invented biography: a written account of another person's life autobiography: a written account of a person's life in their own words primary source: immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. secondary source: one step removed from primary sources, though they often quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a layer of interpretation and analysis.
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 4 - Nonfiction Close Read
context clues: the bits of information within a text that can serve as hints to help a reader understand the meaning of an unfamiliar or unusual word or passage transition words: Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text cause and effect: In composition, cause and effect is a method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the reasons for—and/or the consequences of—an action, event, or decision. historical context: Historical context deals with the details that surround an occurrence. In more technical terms, historical context refers to the social, religious, economic, and political conditions that existed during a certain time and place symbol: any image or thing that stands for something else.
Continued
Unit 2; Topic 5 - The Windrush
passenger manifest: a document that lists information about a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. It often includes details about the crew, passengers, and cargo, as well as the time and place of both its departure and its arrival. Windrush Generation: includes the British citizens who moved to Britain from British Commonwealth Countries.
Continued
Unit 3
Unit 3, Topic 1: Introduction & Historical Context
argument: In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea. Renaissance: the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in the 14th century in Italy, lasting into the 17th century, and marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence expressed in a flowering of the arts and literature and by the beginnings of modern science Protestant Reformation: a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine. Puritans: members of a religious movement who believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible.
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 1: Literature and Culture
Elizabethan theater: sometimes called English Renaissance theatre, refers to that style of performance plays which blossomed during the reign of Elizabeth I of England idioms: a kind of figurative language used in literature and in daily speech. They are phrases that are not meant to be taken literally but that have a widely understood meaning in a given language or culture syntax: the order or arrangement of words and phrases to form proper sentences.
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 1 (first read)
revolt: to break away from or rise against constituted authority, as by open rebellion; cast off allegiance or subjection to those in authority; rebel; mutiny captivity: the state or period of being held, imprisoned, enslaved, or confined assault: a sudden, violent attack; onslaught flout: to treat with disdain, scorn, or contempt; scoff at; mock rebellious: defying or resisting some established authority, government, or tradition; insubordinate; inclined to rebel. treason: the offense of acting to overthrow one's government or to harm or kill its sovereign
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 1 (close read) (page 1 of 2)
foreshadowing: an indication of something that will happen in the future, often used as a literary device to hint at or allude to future plot developments suspense: a state or condition of mental uncertainty or excitement, as in awaiting a decision or outcome, usually accompanied by a degree of apprehension or anxiety. mood: the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader through a story. plot: also called storyline. the plan, scheme, or main story of a literary or dramatic work, as a play, novel, or short story. exposition: the first paragraph or paragraphs in which the characters, setting (time and place), and basic information is introduced. inciting incident: the event that sets the plot into motion, thrusting the main character into the action rising action: the section of the plot leading up to the climax, in which the tension stemming from the story's central conflict grows through successive plot developments
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 1 (close read) (page 2 of 2)
metaphor: a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison (compares to unlike things without using like or as) soliloquy: passage in a drama in which a character expresses his thoughts or feelings aloud while either alone upon the stage or with the other actors keeping silent. motive: something that causes a person to act in a certain way, do a certain thing, etc.; incentive.
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 2 (first read)
allegiance: devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause stealthy: slow, deliberate, and secret in action or character equivocate: to avoid committing oneself in what one says sacrilegious: having or showing a lack of proper respect for a sacred person, place, or object counterfeit: made in imitation of something else with intent to deceive breach: to make a gap in by battering
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 2 (close read) - Original Lesson
inference: a conclusion or opinion that is formed because of known facts or evidence symbol: something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance dialogue: a conversation between two or more persons meter: the rhythmical pattern of a poem or piece of dramatic literature. You can determine the pattern by the number and types of stresses, or beats, in each line. iambic pentameter: a line of poetry consisting of five feet with each foot having one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter verse
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 2 (close read)
forensic scientist: the application of scientific principles and techniques to matters of criminal justice especially as relating to the collection, examination, and analysis of physical evidence inference: a conclusion or opinion that is formed because of known facts or evidence imagery: a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 3 (first read)
foully: in a wicked and shameful manner rancor: a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will incensed: angered at something unjust or wrong malice: feeling a need to see others suffer enrage: put into a rage; make violently angry malevolence: wishing evil to others
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 3 (close read)
dramatic irony: irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play characterization: writer’s tool, or “literary device” that occurs any time the author uses details to teach us about a person. This is used over the course of a story in order to tell the tale. indirect characterization: uses behavior, speech, and appearance, as well as the opinions of other characters
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 4 (first read)
pernicious: highly injurious or destructive: deadly laudable: worthy of praise treacherous: likely to betray trust avaricious: greedy of gain : excessively acquisitive especially in seeking to hoard riches integrity: firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values: incorruptibility sanctity: holiness of life and character
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 4 (close read)
foreshadowing: a literary device used to give an indication or hint of what is to come later in the story. direct characterization: when an author describes a character in a straightforward manner, as if telling the reader directly, also known as “explicit characterization." indirect characterization: a type of literary device that reveals details about a character without stating them explicitly. Instead of describing a character in a straightforward way, the author shows their traits through that character’s actions, speech, thoughts, appearance, and how other characters react to them. theme: a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature archetypes: an idea, symbol, pattern, or character-type, in a story. It’s any story element that appears again and again in stories from cultures around the world and symbolizes something universal in the human experience dramatic irony: when the audience knows something that the characters do not. character motivation: the reason behind a character’s behaviors and actions in a given scene or throughout a story
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 5 (first read)
perturbation: a disturbance of motion, course, arrangement, or state of equilibrium agitation: a state or feeling of being agitated and restles purge: to make free of something unwanted antidote: a remedy to counteract the effects of poison pristine: not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted usurper: one who seizes and holds office, power, position, etc., by force or without right
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 2: Macbeth, Act 5 (close read)
minor characters: characters who are not as important as the major characters, but still play a large part in the story. Their actions help drive the story forward extended metaphor: a metaphor introduced and then further developed throughout all or part of a literary work exclamatory phrases: a phrase that expresses strong emotion tragedy: branch of drama that treats in a serious and dignified style the sorrowful or terrible events encountered or caused by a heroic individual tragic hero: a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat tragic flaw: the character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy compound adjective: A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives are joined together to modify the same noun.
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 3: Writing to Persuade
claim: similar to a thesis statement, the claim is the point you will argue in your argumentative essay. It should be the last sentence in the introduction paragraph. counterclaim: the part of your argumentative essay in which you express why the opposing view of the topic is wrong and your view (the claim) is correct.
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 4: Poetry Collection, Introduction
sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of 14 lines that are typically 5-foot iambics rhyming according to a prescribed scheme literary criticism: the comparison, analysis, interpretation, and/or evaluation of works of literature.
Continued
Unit 3, Topic 4: Poetry Collection, First Read
metaphors: a figure of speech which equates those two things not because they actually are the same, but for the sake of comparison or symbolism personification: a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human simile: a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words “like” or “as.”
Continued
Unit 4
Unit 4, Topic 1: Introduction
engender: to cause to exist or to develop transformation: an act, process, or instance of transforming or being transformed incorporate: to unite or work into something already existent so as to form an indistinguishable whole artifice: clever or artful skill inexorable: not to be persuaded, moved, or stopped : RELENTLESS
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 1: Historical Context
Cavalier: an adherent of Charles I of England in his contest with Parliament. Roundhead: a member or adherent of the Parliamentarians or Puritan party during the civil wars of the 17th century (so called in derision by the Cavaliers because they wore their hair cut short).
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 2: First Read - "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"
virtuous: morally excellent : RIGHTEOUS profane: to treat (something sacred) with abuse, irreverence, or contempt : DESECRATE laity: the people of a religious faith as distinguished from its clergy
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 2: Close Read - "Holy Sonnet 10" (part 1)
sonnet: poetic form with 14 lines of iambic pentameter liked by an intricate rhyme scheme personification: a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical poetry is marked by the use of elaborate figurative languages, original conceits, paradoxes, and philosophical topics. conceit: an elaborate, improbable comparison between two very unlike things to create an imaginative connection between them. paradox: one (such as a person, situation, or action) having seemingly contradictory qualities or phases irony: incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the normal or expected result syntax: the rules that govern language. It is concerned with various parts of speech and the way that words are used together.
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 2: Close Read - "Holy Sonnet 10" (part 2)
indpendnet clause: a group of words that includes a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence. dependent clause: includes a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 2: First Read - "Araby"
tedious: tiresome because of length or dullness : BORING chafed: irritate, vex OR to make sore by rubbing intolerable: not tolerable : UNBEARABLE
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 2: First Read - "Araby"
personification: a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human similes: a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as (as in cheeks like roses) metaphors analogy: a comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a particular aspect adjective: a word belonging to one of the major form classes in any of numerous languages and typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named, to indicate its quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something else
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 4: Small-Group Learning: Introduction
figure of speech: a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener exaggeration: overstatement of the truth hyperbole: extravagant exaggeration (such as "mile-high ice-cream cones") understatement: a statement that represents something as smaller or less intense, or less important than it really is : a statement that understates something verbal irony: a figure of speech in which the speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says.
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 4: First Read
Option B: The Inferno
Option A: Gulliver's Travels
jut: to extend out, up, or forward : PROJECT converge: to tend or move toward one point or one another : come together entwine: to twine together or around
proclamation: a public and official announcement. faction: a group or clique within a larger group, party, government, organization, or the like, typically having different opinions and interests than the larger group imperial: characterizing the rule or authority of a sovereign state over its dependencies. dominion: a territory, usually of considerable size, in which a single rulership holds sway. edict: a decree issued by a sovereign or other authority. ambassador: a diplomatic official of the highest rank, sent by one sovereign or state to another as its resident representative
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 4: Close Read
Both Options
Option A: Gulliver's Travels
mood: refers to the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader tone: refers to the author’s attitude toward a certain topic. imagery: a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head
satire: a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn
Option B: The Inferno
periphrasis: use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter form of expression allusion: an implied or indirect reference especially in literature
Continued
Unit 4, Topic 4: Selection 2 - First Read
cinematography: the art or technique of video photography, traditionally used in movies, but also in the production of TV shows and other video content mime: an ancient dramatic entertainment representing scenes from life usually in a ridiculous manner realism: a literary movement that represents reality by portraying mundane, everyday experiences as they are in real life stylization: the way in which an author writes and/or tells a story. superimposition: to place or lay over or above something typography: the style, arrangement, or appearance of typeset mattery description: a statement or account giving the characteristics of someone or something sensory details: use the five senses (sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell) to add depth of detail to writing.
Unit 4, Topic 4: Close Read
Option A: Gulliver's Travels
Option B: The Inferno
imagery: a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head. alliteration: the repetition of an initial consonant sound in words that are in close proximity to each other. consonance: a literary device that refers to the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a line of text. assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close to each other in a sentence or phrase.
description: discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced sensory details: use the five senses (sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell) to add depth of detail to writing.
Continued
Unit 5
Unit 5, Topic 1: Introduction
personal narrative: The purpose is to describe a story in your life, detailing the account with dialogue, the main events, setting, descriptions of people, and other personal observations.
Continued
Unit 5, Topic 1: Literary Movements
Enlightenment: (also known as the ‘Age of Reason’) the period of rigorous scientific, political and philosophical discourse that characterised European society during the ‘long’ 18th century: from the late 17th century to the ending of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.Romanticism: a literary movement that began in the late 18th century, ending around the middle of the 19th century... Marked by a focus on the individual (and the unique perspective of a person, often guided by irrational, emotional impulses), a respect for nature and the primitive, and a celebration of the common man Paraphrase: a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form (NOTE: paraphrased information does not need quotation marks, but it does need cited.) Direct quotation: A direct quotation is when you take another person’s words and place them in your own document. (NOTE: direct quotations need to be put in quotation marks and cited.) Parenthetical citation: citations to original sources that appear in the text of your paper (NOTE: the full citation should then be on the works cited page.)
Continued
Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Introduction
natural philosophy: The study of nature and the physical universe, especially before the advent of modern science. emaciated: To make or become extremely thin, especially as a result of starvation. galvanism: a direct current of electricity especially when produced by chemical action alchemist: a person who practices the medieval chemical science and speculative philosophy aiming to achieve the transmutation of the base metals into gold, the discovery of a universal cure for disease, and the discovery of a means of indefinitely prolonging life
Continued
Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 1-4 Close Read
exposition: The beginning of the story in which the characters, setting (time and place), and basic information is introduced. point of view (POV): what the character or narrator telling the story can see (his or her perspective)
Continued
Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 5-8 Close Read
protagonist: the principal character in a literary work (such as a drama or story) antagonist: one that contends with or opposes another flat character: characters who are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated round character: characters who are complex dynamic character: a character who undergoes significant internal change throughout the course of a story static character: a character who does not change throughout the story.
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 9-12 Close Read
sensory details: use the five senses (sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell) to add depth of detail towriting. mood: the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader through a story
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 13-16 Close Read
Nature vs. Nurture is a debate in the field of psychology which attempts to determine which influces play a greater role in the development of personality.
Nature: refers to how genetics influence an individual's personality Nurtrue: refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.
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Unit 5, Topic 3: Frankenstein - Chapters 13-16 Close Read
Internal Conflicts : conflicts which happen inside a character External Conflicts: conflicts which occur outside a character
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Unit 5, Topic 5: Wordsworth - Close Read
Consonance: the repetition of similar sounds – or consonants (non-vowels) – in language. Consonance is used by writers to communicate rhythm, mood, and flow. Alliteration is a subtype of consonance that requires the similar sounds be placed at the beginning of closely connected words. Mood: the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader Alliteration: the repetition of the same sound at the start of a series of words in succession whose purpose is to provide an audible pulse that gives a piece of writing a lulling, lyrical, and/or emotive effect.
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Unit 5, Topic 5: Comparing Works
Romantic: literture characterized by a celebration of nature and the common man, a focus on individual experience, an idealization of women, and an embrace of isolation and melancholy. Theme: a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature Ode: A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Historical context: being aware of the important events at the time that influenced the creation of the source. Particular events often motivated people to create sources in a specific way.
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Unit 6
Unit 6, Topic 2: Back to My Own Country
Context Clues: hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words. adjective: a word belonging to one of the major form classes in any of numerous languages and typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named, to indicate its quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something else rhetorical question: an inquiry that ends in a question mark but is asked for effect rather than to elicit an answer. It’s often used in persuasive writing but is also common in everyday conversation. sentence fragment: a clause that falls short of true sentencehood because it is missing one of three critical components: a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. setting: when and where the story takes place.
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