INTROSPECTIVE METHOD

INTROSPECTIVE METHODS

PRESENTED BY

Ximena Cardona A.

Yohan Felipe Puchicué Arenas

Bibiana Fernández B.

INDEX

THINK-ALOUD TECHNIQUES

SOME EARLY INTROSPECTIVE METHODS

INTRODUCTION

DIARY STUDIES

ANAGRAM TASK

RETROSPECTION

CONCLUSION

A SAMPLE STUDY

GAME

INTRODUCTION

- Introspection is the process of observing one's thoughts, feelings, motives, reasoning processes, and mental state. - It refers to techniques in which data collection happens while mental events are taking place. -At the very beginning behaviorist psychologists consider they should not investigate 'invisible work'. -Nowadays, they prefer focusing mainly on the cognitive processes referring to human performance and ability.

EARLY INTROSPECTIVE METHODS

-Free association tasks. -Jung (1910) widely used 'stimulus words'. -Ericsson and Simon (1984, 1987) used 'cue sentences' -Both techniques arose much controversy. - Recent studies have primarily used tasks in logic, mathematics, probability, and so on.

think-aloud technique

Participants are asked to spontaneously report everything that goes throuhg their minds while doing a task.

Researchers collect the thinking-aloud protocol on tape and analyzes it.

Here the question is...

Positive impact in reading comprehension process

Does verbalisation accurately reflect the mental process to solving tasks?

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anagram task

An anagram is a word or phrase whose constituent parts have been rearranged, resulting in 'nonsense' words.

Think-aloud techniques represent an advance but crude techniques as word association suffer from a number of problems

Long-term memory

Diary Studies 1

DIARY STUDIES

A diary (Bailey 1990: 215) is a first-person account of a language learning or teaching experience, documented through regular, sincere entries in a personal journal and then analysed for salient events.

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Diary Studies 2

It´s focused on:

• Teachers
• learners

• Teaching
• learning

Diary Studies 3

BENEFITS

1. Promote autonomous learning
2. Lead to more productive class discusión
3. Create teacher – student and student – student interaction
4. Students can gain confidence

PROCESS

1. Personal learning history
2. Initial database
3. Public consumption
4. Important factors
5. Analyse

Diaries and journal entries provide insights into processes of learning which would be difficult, if not imposible, to obtain in another way.

RETROSPECTION

Retrospective data are collected some time after the event under investigation has taken place.

Ericcson and Simon (1984) argued that the realiability of the data can be enhanced by ensuring that the data are collected as soon as posible after the task has been taken.

Subjects should not be informed that they will be required to retrospect until after they have completed the task

Sometimes is not feasible to collect data from subjects during the task performace: Teacher decision-making

Necesary situations to use RETROSPECTION

Feldmann and Stemmer (1987) combination of introspection and retrospection - operation and processes used in a foreign language test. C-test

Aslanian (1984) reading comprehension strategies of second language learners - multiple choice test

A POTENCIALLY CONSCIOUS PLAN FOR SOLVING PARTICULAR PROBLEMS

Second questionnaire called: Uptake identification probe realiable and valid data

Slimani (1992)used retrospection to obtain data from particular lessons "uptake"

• Grammar
• words and phrases
• Spelling
• Pronunciation
• Punctuation
• other

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A SAMPLE STUDY

Haastrup's 1987 investigation of learners' lexical inferencing procedures publisehed in Faerch and Kasper's book on introspection in second language research.

CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION

- Stimulus pictures and role plays, surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. - Elicitation resides somewhere between the formal experiment and naturalistic observation.

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