Dissertation Proposal
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Ph.D. Dissertation Proposal
Climate Litigation in Latin America, the Right to Health and Vulnerable Populations
Addressing Health Crises through Courts?
Thalia Viveros UeharaSchool for Global Inclusion and Social DevelopmentUniversity of Massachusetts BostonMay 2022
(Co-Founder, Social and Economic Rights Associates)
7. Limitations
6. Validity and Ethical Considerations
5. Methodology
4. Relevance
3. Conceptual Framework
2. Research Questions
1. The Problem
Content
The Problem
Image: Simulated change in annual mean temperature at 1.5°C global warming (IPCC, 2022).
Climate Change is causing Health Crises
Highly unequal access to quality health care
209 million people living in poverty (ECLAC, 2021).
Climate change is increasing morbidity, mortality, and disabilities (IPCC, 2022).
Latin America's poverty and inequality exacerbate health vulnerability to climate change
Image: Global GHG emissions and projections for meeting the 1.5°C Paris Agreement goal (Climate Action Tracker, 2021)
Courts are gaining prominence as the last hope against inaction by states
Research Questions
How do courts' profiles, accessibility, resources, arguments, and legal bases of their judgments relate to existing and emergent health concerns of vulnerable populations?
VARIABLES
VARIABLES
How do plaintiffs' profiles, opportunity structures, resources, motives, objectives, arguments, and legal bases of their claims relate to existing and emergent health concerns of vulnerable populations?
How do health crises emerge within, and how are they tackled by courts through, domestic climate litigation in Latin America?
VARIABLES
QUESTION
QUESTION
VARIABLES
Gloppen, S. (2008). Litigation as a Strategy to Hold Governments Accountable for Implementing the Right to Health. Health and Human Rights, 10(2), 21–36.
Gloppen's framework to analyze what drives the litigation process
VARIABLES
QUESTION
QUESTION
VARIABLES
Gloppen, S. (2008). Litigation as a Strategy to Hold Governments Accountable for Implementing the Right to Health. Health and Human Rights, 10(2), 21–36.
Gloppen's framework to analyze what drives the litigation process
Law, Sociology, and Development Studies
Conceptual Framework
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
HEALTH CRISES
NEW LATIN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONALISM
RIGHTS-BASED CLIMATE LITIGATION
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
LITIGATION
POVERTY
RIGHT TO HEALTH
CLIMATE JUSTICE
Legal Dimension
Socioeconomic Dimension
Relevance
- Civil Society and Public Interest Litigants
- Judges
Practical
- Research on Litigation
- Development and Climate Change Studies
- Human Rights and Climate Change Law
Academic
Transdisciplinary multi-methods approach
Methodology
04
03
02
01
(Leavy, 2011)
Common good
+ info
Promotes the common good
Abstract & specific
Links abstract and case-specific knowledge
+ info
Considers the diversity of perceptions
Diversity
Grasps the complexity of the problems
Complexity
Why Transdisciplinarity?
+ info
+ info
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA COLLECTION
DATA COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA ANALYSIS
Contextual Analysis
Six case studies
Interviews
Six case studies: two interviewees per case (n=>12)
Doctrinal Analysis
01
Six case studies (two cases per country; three countries)
Basic Content Analysis
All domestic climate change lawsuits filed to date across Latin American countries (>20)
Qualitative Multi-Methods Approach
04
02
03
DATA COLLECTION (NOV/DEC 2022)
E-PÚBLICA JOURNAL
DATA COLLECTION (SEPT/OCT 2022)
15 september
SCHEDULES(AUGUST 2022)
22 july
VRU/ World comparative law
Contextual Analysis
Six case studies
Interviews
Six case studies: two interviewees per case (n=>12)
Doctrinal Analysis
01
Six case studies (two cases per country; three countries)
Basic Content Analysis
All domestic climate change lawsuits filed to date across Latin American countries (>20)
Qualitative Multi-Methods Approach
04
02
03
Validity and Ethical Considerations
Three validity procedures(Creswell and Miller, 2000)
Justice, Equity, and Inclusion
ReflexivityAvoiding uncritical thinking and biases
Approval from UMass Boston's IRB
Limitations
Data Availability
Databases may not contain all case documents
Challenging recruitment process due to participants' time constraints
Non-Public Data
Access to Interviewees
Focus on claims formation and adjudication stages
Novelty of climate litigation
Summary
A small knowledge brick but necessary to hold up climate resilient development and just transitions
Embracing justice, equity, and inclusion
Fill gaps in current academic literature and advance practical knowledge for public interest litigants and courts
Transdisciplinary multi-methods approach
Courts hold the potential to address the compounded effects of climate change and health inequalities
Latin America is experiencing health crises
Atun, R., de Andrade, L. O. M., Almeida, G., Cotlear, D., Dmytraczenko, T., Frenz, P., Garcia, P., Gómez-Dantés, O., Knaul, F. M., Muntaner, C., de Paula, J. B., Rígoli, F., Serrate, P. C.-F., & Wagstaff, A. (2015). Health-system reform and universal health coverage in Latin America. The Lancet, 385(9974), 1230–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61646-9 Andreassen, B. A. (2017). Comparative analyses of human rights performance. In B. A. Andreassen, H.-O. Sano, & S. McInerney-Lankford (Eds.), Research Methods in Human Rights. A Handbook (pp. 222–252). Edward Elgar Publishing. Atwoli, L., Baqui, A. H., Benfield, T., Bosurgi, R., Godlee, F., Hancocks, S., Horton, R., Laybourn-Langton, L., Monteiro, C. A., Norman, I., Patrick, K., Praities, N., Rikkert, M. G. M. O., Rubin, E. J., Sahni, P., Smith, R., Talley, N. J., Turale, S., & Vázquez, D. (2021). Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health. BMJ, 374(1734). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1734 Bruckner, B., Hubacek, K., Shan, Y., Zhong, H., & Feng, K. (2022). Impacts of poverty alleviation on national and global carbon emissions. Nature Sustainability, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00842-z Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124–130.
References (1/4)
Couso, J. A. (2006). The Changing Role of Law and Courts in Latin America: From an Obstacle to Social Change to a Tool of Social Equity. In R. Gargarella, D. Pilar and R. Theunis (Eds.), Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies, (p. 65). Ashgate Publishing Limited.Climate Action Tracker (2021, November 9). CAT Emissions Gap. https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-emissions-gaps/ ECLAC. (2021). Social Panorama of Latin America 2020. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.Friedman, L. M. (1989). Litigation and Society, Annu. Rev. Sociol. 15, 18.Gloppen, S. (2008). Litigation as a Strategy to Hold Governments Accountable for Implementing the Right to Health. Health and Human Rights, 10(2), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/20460101 IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press.
References (2/4)
Jafry, T., Mikulewicz, M., & Helwig, K. (2019). Introduction. Justice in the era of climate change. In T. Jafry (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice (pp. 1–9). Routledge. Leavy, P. (2011). Essentials of Transdisciplinary Research: Using Problem-Centered Methodologies. Routledge. Nussbaum, M. (2003). Capabilities as fundamental entitlements: Sen and social justice. Feminist Economics, 9(2–3), 33–59. Nachmany, M., Fankhauser, S., Setzer, J., and Averchenkova, A. (2017). Global trends in climate change legislation and litigation. 2017 Update. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. OECD and World Bank. (2020). Health at a glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020. OECD Publishing. Popay, J., Escorel, S., Hernández, M., Johnston, H., Mathieson, J., & Rispel, L. (2011). Social exclusion and health inequalities: Definitions, policies and actions. In J. H. Lee & R. Sadana (Eds.), Improving equity in health by addressing social determinants (pp. 88–114). World Health Organization. Parry, L., Radel, C., Adamo, S. B., Clark, N., Counterman, M., Flores-Yeffal, N., Pons, D., Romero-Lankao, P., & Vargo, J. (2019). The (in)visible health risks of climate change. Social Science & Medicine, 241, 112448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112448
References (3/4)
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom (1st. ed.). Knopf. Scheppele, K. L. (2004). Constitutional Ethnography: An Introduction. Law & Society Review, 38(3), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-9216.2004.00051.x Scheffer, M. (2015). Demografia médica no Brasil. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Federal de Medicina. Tokar, B. (2019). On the evolution and continuing development of the climate justice movement. In T. Jafry (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice (p. 13). Routledge. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). (2000). General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health. E/C.12/2000/4, Geneve. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). (1999). General Comment No. 2: International Technical Assistance Measures. Geneve. von Bogdandy, A., Ferrer Mac-Gregor, E., Morales Antoniazzi, M., & Piovesan, F. (Eds.). (2017). Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America. The emergence of a new Ius Commune. Oxford University Press.
References (4/4)
Thalia Viveros UeharaUniversity of Massachusetts Bostont.viverosuehara001@umb.edu
Thank YouMuchas GraciasTusen takkBedankt