Spain: unity or separation

SPAIN: UNITY OR SEPARATION

IES SABINA MORA

Index

1. The evolution of Spain

2. XIX Century

3.XX Century

4. Nowadays

5. Conclusion

The evolution of Spain

After the Roman landing on Ampurias (Girona), it happened the invasion of the Iberian peninsula, begun against Cartago, and finished while the lead of the emperor Augustus, occupying the Mediterranean coast and later the entire peninsula. Nevertheless, both celts and iberians inhabited it for centuries.

This is the Roman Empire. As you see, the entire Iberian Peninsula is included, (named Hispania).

The evolution of Spain

Beginning 8th century, in 711, they invaded the Iberian peninsula, from North Africa, some groups and Eastern-arab famillies, even Berbers groups arriving from the current Morocco, that little by little occupied the whole peninsula.

The battle of Covadonga, on Asturias, started the progress of Christian groups, which lasted almost 8 centuries (up to 1492),. As a consequence, Muslims were kicked off by the Christians.

The evolution of Spain

Medieval age. Reconquest's evolution

Esto es un párrafo listo para contener creatividad, experiencias e historias geniales.

The evolution of Spain

Catholic Monarchs, Fernando II of Aragon and Isabel I of Castile, got married in 1469. This event was the beginning of the Hispanic Monarchy. We can’t talk about Spain yet. The different kingdoms had their own laws.

Esto es un párrafo listo para contener creatividad, experiencias e historias geniales.

Catholic Monarchs, Fernando II of Aragon and Isabel I of Castile, got married in 1469. This event was the beginning of the Hispanic Monarchy. We can’t talk about Spain yet. The different kingdoms had their own laws.

The evolution of Spain

Catholic Monarchs’ grandson, Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany, inherited Castile Kingdom, Aragon Kingdom, Holy Roman Empire, and so on. He lived from 1500 to 1558. We still can’t talk about Spain as a unique nation.

Bourbons

Bourbon reformism refers to the period in the history of Spain that began in 1700, when Carlos II named Felipe V de Borbón as his successor in his will a month before he died, which caused the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) , until the Bayonne abdications of 1808 in which Carlos IV and his son Fernando VII, who had forced him to abdicate in person two months earlier in the Aranjuez Mutiny, ceded their rights to the Crown to Napoleon Bonaparte under pressure, which this in turn passed to his brother José I Bonaparte, which started the Spanish War of Independence.

Bourbons

During this period, the new dynasty built a centralized and uniformist absolute monarchy that put an end to the Austrian monarchy of the previous two centuries and applied reformist policies, part of them inspired by the principles of the Enlightenment in Spain, especially under the reigns of Fernando VI and Carlos III. Castile immediately accepted the new king, but the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon soon joined the cause of Archduke Carlos. Felipe V only had the support of France and the Castilians themselves. The victory went to the supporters of Felipe V and the Treaties of Utrecht in 1713 and of Rastatt in 1714 put an end to the conflict. Felipe V put an end to the Crown of Aragon by military means and abolished the institutions and laws that governed the states that comprised it (the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Mallorca and the Principality of Catalonia) through the New Plant Decrees of 1707-1716 that established in its place an absolutist, centralist and uniformist State.

XIX Century

During this century we can appreciate several nationalisms, mainly due to political, social and economical reasons. The most important nationalisms in Spain appeared in Cataluña and in País Vasco, because the queen Isabelle II took off their priviledges from these communities. There were also other influent factors, like the rivality between those people who prefered a monarchy and those who chose a replubic, the inequality between the different territories or the esxistence of an own language.

XIX Century

Cataluña After the sucesion war, the monarchs took off the fueros from the community because they supported the other band, tha Habsburgo. That´s the reason why the catalan nationalism was born, to recuperate all their priviledges and their own civil law. Since then, this movement has won a lot of strength, and many people want to be considered as a country separated from Spain.

XIX Century

País Vasco In 1841, Navarra Kingdom was part of a bigger region in Spain, losing some of their priviledges. In 1876, after the carlist wars, all of them were retired. That's why many political movements emerged to fight for the recuperation of them. In 1895 the political party called PNV was born, and he is still working to gain the independence.

XIX Century

Other nationalisms Some people in Galicia ask for the defense of their culture, ansd also for the right of a more autonomic government, some of them even consider the opportunity to create their own state. The anadaluz nationalism has its origin in this century, when their region was abandoned from the government. For this reason many people had to leave the country. We can distinguished some phases: -1840-1885: We find a provencialism process -1885-1916: It turnt into a regionalism -1916-1936: The nationalism appeared

XX Century

The President of the second Republic was Niceto Alcalá Zamora. The political balance was brief, since the center-right political party won by majority, which belonged to a proletarian revolution in Asturias and Cataluña. After that, the elections were again resulting in the win of the left-wing political parties, and Manuel Azaña. He provided autonomy to Catalonia (and tried also with Vasque country and Galicia). This caused a militarized revolution leadered by Francisco Franco, which was the beginning of the Civil War..

Spain suffer a big crisis at the beginning of the 10s which makes Primo de Rivera start a coupe helped by the king Alfonso XIII. He achieved the peace by reaching agreement with differents tears. However after breaking his agreement with the socialists, election were held which meant the end of the dictatorship and starting the second Republic in 1931

XX Century

The military rise beginning in 1936 in Morocco, but was expanded in many cities in Spain. The Republic was helped by the USSR and the franquism by Alemania and Italy . In 1939 end the republican goverment and the civil war, beginning with the franquism

The first year of the franquism was extremely hard, because remove the freedom. This lack of liberty ends in the 60s because an economical growth. In 1975 Franco passed away and leaving Juan Carlos de Borbón as his successor

XX Century

With the arrival of the king a transition period began.The first president was Adolfo Suárez, who gave certain rights and legalized all polítical parties and in 1978, a new constitution was established in which allowed Spain to become a parliamentary monarchy. In the 80s Galicia, Cataluña, País Vasco and Andalucía become autonomous but ETA didn't think that was enough and continue with terrorists attacks. In 1981 Suarez renounce and was replace by Felipe González and finish the transition

Democracy

The Spanish Transition​ is the period of the contemporary history of Spain in which the process was carried out, by which the country left behind the dictatorial regime of General Francisco Franco and came to be governed by a Constitution that restored democracy. This phase constitutes the first stage of the reign of Juan Carlos I. He had been designated six years earlier by Franco as his successor in the title of king. The king confirmed in his post the President of the Government of the Franco regime, Carlos Arias Navarro. He was replaced by Adolfo Suárez, who would be in charge of starting talks with the main leaders of the different political parties of the democratic opposition and social forces with a view to establishing a democratic regime in Spain. The elections were finally held on June 15, 1977. The Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD) coalition, led by Adolfo Suárez, was the most voted candidate. From that moment began the process of building democracy in Spain and the drafting of a new constitution.

Democracy

At the beginning of 1981 Adolfo Suárez resigned. During the voting in the Congress of Deputies to elect Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (UCD) as successor, a coup d'etat led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero, General Alfonso Armada and Lieutenant General Jaime Milans del Bosch took place. , among others. The coup, known as 23-F, failed. The PSOE succeeded the UCD after obtaining an absolute majority in the 1982 elections and thus beginning the second democratic legislature. For the first time since the general elections of 1936, a party considered to be on the left or progressive was going to form a government.

Most historians place the end of the Transition in this event, although some extend it to January 1, 1986, when Spain entered the European Community. During the transition, several hundred deaths took place, both at the hands of far-left terrorist groups, mainly Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and the First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (GRAPO).

Most historians place the end of the Transition in this event, although some extend it to January 1, 1986, when Spain entered the European Community. During the transition, several hundred deaths took place, both at the hands of far-left terrorist groups, mainly Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and the First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (GRAPO).

At the beginning of 1981 Adolfo Suárez resigned. During the voting in the Congress of Deputies to elect Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (UCD) as successor, a coup d'etat led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero, General Alfonso Armada and Lieutenant General Jaime Milans del Bosch took place. , among others. The coup, known as 23-F, failed. The PSOE succeeded the UCD after obtaining an absolute majority in the 1982 elections and thus beginning the second democratic legislature. For the first time since the general elections of 1936, a party considered to be on the left or progressive was going to form a government.

ETA

NOWADAYS

PNV (BASQUE NATIONALIST PARTY)- Nationalist -Christian-democratic -Pursue the autodetermination right of Euskal Herria.

BASQUE COUNTRY

2 MAIN POLITICAL PARTIES

EH BILDU (Euskal Herria Bildu)-Nationalist/Separatist -Pursue the independence of Euskal Herria.

NOWADAYS

BASQUE COUNTRY

BASQUE-BAROMETER 2018-Reinforcement of non-nationalist sentiment. -The compatibility of Basque and Spanish identities remains majority. -The desire for independence remains a minority.

NOWADAYS

CATALONIA

During the first two decades of the 21st century.

more linked to

Catalan nationalism Catalan independence movement

ESTELADA

PROCÉS - CATALAN PROCESS

Set of social and political facts that have taken place since 2012 in the autonomous community of Catalonia with the aim of achieving self-determination and independence of Catalonia from Spain.

PROCÉS TIMELINE

10/1/2017

10/14/2019

2012

ILLEGAL REFERNDUM

PROCÉS JUDGEMENT

FISCAL PACT

6/22/2021

11/9/2014

10/27/2017

POPULAR CONSULTATION

PARDONS

INDEPENDENCE DECLARATION ANDAPPLICATION OF ARTICLE 155

IS OUR NATION A UNITY?

-It’s important to protect the different cultures that coexist in Spain. -The independence problem is not solved at all, because of its difficulty. -Some people support the idea of an unique Spain nation, while others consider that there are more nationalities. -That’s why the situation is still very controversial.

¡Gracias!