Initial ppt - Environmental and Applied Microbiology

Microbiology and Parasitology

ENVIRONMENTAL and APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Content

Reservoir

1. Epidemiology and Public Health

Definition of Terms

Portal of Exit

Mode of Transmission

2. Sporadic vs. Endemic

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Portal of Entry

Susceptible Host

Viral Diseases

3. Epidemic vs. Pandemic

5. Mode of Transmission

4. Chain of Infection: Patholgy

Direct Transmission

Indirect Transmission

Epidemiology and public health:

Pathology, Epidemiology, Communicable and Contagious diseases, Incidence, Morbidity and Mortality Rate

Communicable and Contragious Disease

Definition of terms

Incidence

Morbidity

Pathology

Mortality Rate

Epidemiology

ENDEMIC Diseases

SPORADIC DISEASES

• Endemic diseases are diseases that always present within the population of a particular geographic area.
• The number of cases of the disease may fluctuate over time, but the disease never dies out completely

• Sporadic disease is a disease that occurs only rarely and without regularity (sporadically) within the population of a particular geographic area, whereas an endemic disease is a disease that is always present within that population.

Diseases

Diseases

Gonorrhea

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Syphilis

Chlamydia

Herpes

Viral Diseases

Endemic disease at any particular time depends on a balance among several factors, including the environment, the genetic susceptibility of the population, behavioral factors, the number of people who are immune, the virulence of the pathogens, and the reservoir or source of infection.

Common ColdInfluenza Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

PANDEMIC

EPIDEMIC

Epidemic diseases or outbreak diseases are diseases that occur in a greater than usual number of cases in a particular region and usually occur within a relatively short period of time. The following are a few of the epidemics that have occurred in the United States within the past 20 years.

• 2002 to 2003 - epidemic of West Nile virus (WNV)
• 2003 - outbreak of monkeypox infections
• 2012 - outbreak of fungal meningitis
• 2015 - outbreak of measles
• 2017 - outbreak of Seoul virus
• Waterborne disease outbreak
• Foodborne disease outbreak

Pandemic disease is a disease that occurs in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously—sometimes worldwide. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was the most devastating pandemic of the 20th century, this 1918 pandemic killed more than 20 million people worldwide. Two pandemic diseases that have circulated worldwide since 2014 are caused by Chikungunya virus and Zika virus.

• Chikungunya
• ZIka infection

VS

Epidemic

The likely source of virus for the Ebola outbreaks is human contact with fruit bats. Ebola ecology and transmissions is:

PANDEMIC

• Collectively, HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria cause more than 300 million illnesses and more than 5 million deaths per year.
• The AIDS epidemic began in the United States around 1979, but the epidemic was not detected until 1981.
• HIV is thought to have been transferred to humans from other primate (chimpanzees)

According to the CDC an estimated 1.1 million people in the United States are currently living with HIV infection. One in seven of those people are unaware of their infection.

PATHOGENS

• are bacteria that cause diseases.
• are identified by the hosts they infect and the symptoms they produce.
• pathogen's unique traits contribute to its infectious capability, or virulence.

RESERVOIR

• place where the pathogen/microorganism survive, multiply and await transfer to a susceptible host.
• the habitat in which an infectious agent generally lives, matures, and multiplies.
• might be the source of an agent's transmission to a host or it could not.

PORTAL OF EXIT

• exit the reservoir to enter a susceptible host causing a disease.
• path through which a pathogen departs its host.
• pathogen's localization site usually correlates to the exit portal.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• process of the infectious agent moving from the reservoir of the source through the portal of exit to the portal of the susceptible host.
• can be transmitted from its natural reservoir to a susceptible host in a variety of ways, and modes of transmission.

PORTAL OF ENTRY

• entry to the susceptible host.
• same route for portal of exit.
• pathogens must be able to reproduce or a toxin to act in tissues accessible through the portal of entry.

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

• a host's susceptibility is determined by genetic or constitutional variables, particular immunity, and nonspecific factors that affect a person's ability to resist infection or limit pathogenicity.
• susceptibility can be increased or decreased depending on one's genetic composition.
• individual's degree of resistance to the pathogen.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

• This happens when a pathogen is directly transmitted from an infected individual.

Droplet

Person-to-person

Body fluids

Contact

• When infections are spread indirectly by vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, ticks, dogs, and so on rather than directly from the sick individual.
• A person who becomes infected with a disease without coming into close contact with the infected person or the infected person's bodily fluids.

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

Food and drinking water

Vector-borne

Vehicle-borne

Airborne

Environmental factors

Transmission through animals

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Group 1

Team

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