Unit 1: Earth Materials and Rock Cycles

Earth Materials & Rock Cycles

Unit 1

Start!

Layers of the Earth

Section 1

Outermost Layer: Crust

• Yellow Section
• Made of solid rocks and minerals
• Oceanic Crust
• Silicate and Magnesium (most abundant minerals)
• Continental Crust
• Silicate and Aluminum (most abundant minerals)

• Oldest part is more than 4 billion years old
• Conrad Discontinuity

https://bit.ly/3L9b8Wq

Middle Layer: Mantle

• Orange Section
• 1,802 miles thick
• Contains iron, aluminum, clacium, sodium, and potassium
• 1832° Fahrenheit (towards the crust)
• 6692° Fahrenheit (twoards the core)
• Most solid rock
• Where the plate tectonics move causing volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.

https://bit.ly/3IC9kn9

Center: Core

• 1,802 miles below the Earth's surface
• 7,952-10,800° Fahrenheit
• Gold, Platinum and Colbalt are found here
• Outer Core
• 1,367 miles thick
• Composed mostly of liquid iron and nickle
• Inner Core
• 758 miles thick

https://bit.ly/3tBKqQ0

02

Earths Physical Features

Section 2

Mountains

Hills

Plateau

Plains

03

Rocks

Section 3

Sedimentary

• Formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms
• Have distinct layers
• Common Sedimentary Rocks:
• Sandstone
• Limestone
• Shale
• Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
• Group of rocks make up of pieces of pre-existing rocks
• Biologic Sedimentary Rocks
• Chert
• Form when large numbers of living things die

https://on.doi.gov/3qvzb9Q

Igneous

• Latin word for fire
• Forms when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies
• Intrusive Igneous Rocks:
• Also known as: Plutonic
• Form when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth
• Cools very slowly over many thousands of millions of years until it becomes solid
• Course grain textrue
• Extrusive Igneous Rocks:
• Also known as: Volcanic
• Produced when magma exits and cools above the Earth's surface
• Magma erupts on the surface, cools, and solidifies extremely fast when it is exposed to the cool Earthly temperature

\+ info

https://on.doi.gov/3iuaypO

Metamorphic

• Forms when rocks are under high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or a combination of these
• Doesn't melt the rock, transforms them to more compact rocks
• Common Metamorphic Rock:
• Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss, Quartzite, and Marble
• Foliated Metamorphic Rock:
• Granite gneiss, Biotite Schist
• Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rock:
• Limestone
• No matter how much pressure you apply, the grains will not align.

https://on.doi.gov/3ICTh8x

04

What is SoiL?

Section 4

Soil

05

Minerals and their Properties

Section 5

Minerals

Color

Streak

https://bit.ly/3utzXp7

Luster

Cleavage

Hardness

Chemical Composition

06

Natural Disasters

Section 6

Earthquakes

• Sudden, quick shaking of the Earth
• Rock breaking and moving under the ground
• Can cause tsunamis
• Seismic activity
• Earthquakes are measured by a machine called seismogrph
• Center of an earthquake is called epicenter

https://bit.ly/3IAmh0G

Volcanoes

• An opening in the Earth's crust that allows molten rock, gasses, and debris to escape the surface
• Releases acid, gases, rocks, and ash
• Lava or magma can travel up to 100 mph
• 170 volcanoes are located in the US
• Dormant volcano
• Pyroclastic flow: thick, fast-moving, and extremely hot avalanche of ash, pumice, and rock. (50-100

https://on.doi.gov/3ICTh8xmph)

Tsunamis

• (Soo-nahm-ee)
• Series of waves caused by a large or sudden disturbance of the sea
• Move outward in all directions from where it started
• Move across entire oceans
• Can be as high as 100 ft.
• Caused by undersea earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, and meteorites
• Evacuation

https://bit.ly/3tC3Mow

Hurricanes

• Severe tropical storms that form in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern Pacific Ocean
• Collect heat and energy by the warm ocean waters and move towards land
• Rotate counter-clockwise direction around the "eye"
• At least 74 miles per hour
• When they hit land the heavy rain, strong winds, and large waves damage
• buildings, trees, cars, etc.
• Storm surge: heavy waves caused by wind and lots of rain

https://bit.ly/3LdFHua

Tornadoes

• Violently rotating colums of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground
• Can
• destroy buildings
• flip car
• create deadly flying debris
• Intense winds (over 200 mph)
• Can pick up anything and throw it

https://bit.ly/3tyqxJF