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L8 RELATIVE CLAUSES
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Created on March 15, 2022
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Transcript
RelativeClauses
1. defining and non-defining
2. participle clauses
start
Relative clauses give information about the person or thing mentioned.
The guy who lives next door works in Starbucks.
Christmas is the time when the family reunites.
This is the camera which I found on the garage sale.
Defining relative clauses
Give essential information to identify the noun
She is the woman who cuts my hair. This is the dog which I told you about. The restaurant where we met is near here. I will never forget the moment when Iker was born.
Commas are NOT used
Relative Pronouns
That
Which
Who / Whom
Whose
Where
When
Omitting relative pronouns
In defining relative clauses, we can omit the relative pronouns when they are not the subject of the clause (without affecting the structure or meaning of the sentence). We cannot omit the relative pronoun in non-defining relative clauses.
This is the house (which) the earthquake distroyed.
She's the girl (that) the helicopter rescued.
Non-defining relative clauses
- Give extra information about someone or something. It isn't essential for undestanding who or what we are talking about.- The clause is separated by commas. - "That" is not used in non-defining relative clauses.
My grandfather, who is 84 now, is very sick.
The dog, which was in the painting, was wearing a jacket.
The Johnson family, whose kids are the same age as mine, has just bought a new house.
PREPOSITIONS
There are often prepositions in relative clauses, and a relative pronoun is the object of that preposition.
In formal English, the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun, and in this case the pronoun cannot be omitted.
In everyday English, the preposition is normally placed at the end of the relative clause and the pronoun may be included or omitted.
Is that the man with whom she arrived?
Is that the man (who) she arrive with?
This is the river in which the kids prefer to swim.
This is the river (which) the kids prefer to swim in.
EXAMPLES
Who is the woman talking to them? Most of the people playing are workers. All the students interviewed last semester failed the test. The cars being repaired were involved a car accident.
CONSIDERATIONS
1. The relative pronoun has to be the subject of the relative clause. The man who is being arrested is my neighbour. The man being arrested is my neighbour. 2. Active tenses are replaced with the ING form of the verbs. The dog which is barking belongs to our friend. The dog barking belongs to our friend.
CONSIDERATIONS
3. Passive tenses are replaced by the past participle ED forms and BEING + past participles. The student who was chosen as the winner is from 5th grade. The student chosen as the winner is from 5th grade. The trees that are being planted were sent by the governor. The trees being planted were sent by the governor.
WHO OR WHOM?
If you can replace the word with he or she or another subject pronoun, use who. If you can replace it with him or her (or another object pronoun), use whom.