Centre for United States Studies
School of International Studies
Jawaharlal Nehru University
THemes in Contemporary U.S. history
MANIFEST DESTINY
By:KHYATI SINGH
Submitted to: Prof. K.P. VIJAYALAKSHMI
PhD Scholar, SIS
index
- Manifest Destiny
- Themes
- Origin
- John Q. Adams
- O'Sullivan
- Controversy over annexation
- Mexico Cession
- Oregon Treaty
9. San Francisco10. Westward Expansion 11. Pacific Railways 12. Homestead Act 13. Cultural Mission 14.Disagreements over WE 15. Return of Manifest Destiny 16.Concluding Remarks 17. References.
MANIFEST DESTINY
19th century belief, stating that it was God's given destiny for the American settlers to expand and move acrosss North America, spreading their traditions &institutions across the continent.
William E. Leuchtenburg 3 Themes of Manifest Destiny - American people &their institutions were virtuous. -It was the moral mission of the US to spread its institutions, & remake the world. -God has given the people of the US this mission.
Historian William E. Leuchtenburg
ORIGIN
1630, John Winthrop wrote a sermon "City Upon a Hill".Called for establishing a virtuous community. 10th January, 1776, Thomas Paine pamphlet "Common Sense", American Revolution provided an opportunity to establish free&fair society.' 1803- Thomas Jeffereson made the "Louisina Purchase" Native Americans were removed from East of the Mississippi.
"Shining City Upon a Hill"
John Qunicy Adams
US Secretary of States.Favored Expansion. Negotiated the Treaty of 1818, estd. US-Canada Border. Treaty gave US & British Joint Occupation of Oregon Country. 1819- Florida Purchase Treaty 1823-Drafted the Monroe Doctrine
John L. O'Sullivan
1839 Article -"Divine destiny US had based on values of Equality, Rights of Conscience, Personal Enfranchisement. 1845 Article "Annexation in the Democratic Review", used the phrase "Manifest Destiny". Called for the annexation of Texas. President James Polk 1845-1849, worked to add Texas and fix Oregon Boundary Dispute. Opposed by Anti-Slavery activists, and Whig Party Members. Paved the way for the "Mexican-American War".
Controversy over annexation
Sullivan: The US should not impose its law on people against their will. Many people didn't want to extend the US Citizenship to people of Mexican descent.
Painting by Donald M. Yena. Texas State Library and Archives Commission, 1986/68-2.
Divide over opinion mitigated by Mexico Cession-2nd Feb, 1848
MEXICO cession
Mexico Ceded territories that now make up:
California, Nevada, Utah
Arizona, Colorado, New-Mexico.
Standstill over how to divide the Oregon Country Region
Sullivan, 27 Dec, 1845 article, "US had the right to claim all of the Oregon region.
Oregon Treaty 1846-divide Oregon along 49th parllel
President JAMES POLK 1845-1849
Polk realized the odds of fighting with the British.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
SAN FRANCISCO HARBOR
1850
1848
1848-Gold was discovered near Sierra Nevada Mountains. San Francsico gateway to that gold.
Had only 100 residents. California newly became an American Territory
Native American Population decreased from 150K to 30K. This drive dubbed "Manifest Destiny"
Natives, Colonist and RAILWAYS.
Railways
Colonists
Natives
REASONS FOR WESTWARD EXPANSION
Work in industries
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
People worked in industries that serve the miners like hardware stores, boarding houses, etc.
Due to scarcity of land, farmers headed to Willamette Valley via Oregon Trail.
PACIFIC RAILWAY ACT 1862
Expansion of railways faciliated Westward Expansion.
The Act granted railroad companies more than 100Million acres to complete transcontinental railroad.
It reduced travel time from 5 months to 6 days, which made travelling &transporting goods to and from West easier.
The miles of Railroad Track in the US tripled.
HOMESTEAD ACT 1862
It granted 160 acres of land for free to anyone over the age of 21 who have never taken up arms against the US govt. It included Women, Immigrants & African Americans. This was extension of "Free Soil Movement", to populate Western lands with small, independent farmers rather than slave holders or giant plantations. More than 1 million people acquired land this way.
CULTURAL MISSION
Cultural messaging of the period also promoted Westward Expansion. Manifest Destiny- U.S. had a divine mission to spread across North America. Related to the belief that American Civilization was superior to other culture. Any barrier to US expansion was obstacle to progess and civilization. Famous painiting by John Gast in 1872 titled "American Progress".
John Gast Painting
DISAGREEMENTS OVER WESTWARD EXPANSION
1848, to expand institution of slavery, some southern slave owners started to fund illegal non-govt. sponsored mission into foreign countries.
This is called "Military Filibustering".
Targeted Mexico, Cuba, Nicaragua in 1840s and 1850s.
Further divided supporters of Manifest Destiny and led to Civil War 1861.
RETURN OF MANIFEST DESTINY
1885
1897- 1901
Protestant Missionary Josiah Strong argued that the future of world depended upon America, that it had perfected the values of Civil Liberty.
William McKinley Presidency cited Manifest Destiny to promote US overseas expansion. Advocated for the annexation of Hawaii in 1898.
1892
"We need Hawaii just as much, and a good deal more than we did California. It is our Manifest Destiny".
Republican Party Platform made a public statement "We reaffirm our approval of the Monroe Doctrine, & beleive in the achievement of the Manifest Destiny of the Republic in the Broadest Sense"
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Historians debate whether or not the US acquistion of the Pacific Islands in the 1890s was a true example of Manifest Destiny or whether it was simply a show of "Imperalism".
It is important to know the ways that they resisted colonization, Native Americans were people who acted in history and not just people who were acted upon by it.
William Bradford, "It was a fearful sight to see them frying in the fire".
William Jennings Bryan's opposed the Spanish- American war, "Destiny is not as manifest as it was a few weeks ago".
Important to realise that the history of Indigeneous people on this land mass is not separate from American history, it is an essential part of it.
Native Americans have been so successfully marginalized, both geographically and metaphorically, that it is easy to either forget about them or else to view them merely as people to be pitied or reviled.
REFERENCES
"John Gast, American Progress, 1872". Picturing U.S. History. Marcy, Randolph B. (1859). The Prairie Traveler: A Hand-book for Overland Expeditions, with Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific.
Time Toast, US history.
Angel Needham, Manifest Destiny.
Mark R. Cheathem; Terry Corps (2016). Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny. O'Sullivan, John. "The Great Nation of Futurity". The United States Democratic Review Volume006 Burge, Daniel (August 2016). "Manifest Mirth: The Humorous Critique of Manifest Destiny, 1846–1858". Western Historical Quarterly. Favor, Lesli J. (2005). "6. Settling the West". A Historical Atlas of America's Manifest Destiny. Gilley, Billy H. (1979). "'Polk's War' and the Louisiana Press". Louisiana History. 20 (1): 5–23.
Pictures: Google Images
THANK YOU
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Transcript
Centre for United States Studies
School of International Studies
Jawaharlal Nehru University
THemes in Contemporary U.S. history
MANIFEST DESTINY
By:KHYATI SINGH
Submitted to: Prof. K.P. VIJAYALAKSHMI
PhD Scholar, SIS
index
9. San Francisco10. Westward Expansion 11. Pacific Railways 12. Homestead Act 13. Cultural Mission 14.Disagreements over WE 15. Return of Manifest Destiny 16.Concluding Remarks 17. References.
MANIFEST DESTINY
19th century belief, stating that it was God's given destiny for the American settlers to expand and move acrosss North America, spreading their traditions &institutions across the continent.
William E. Leuchtenburg 3 Themes of Manifest Destiny - American people &their institutions were virtuous. -It was the moral mission of the US to spread its institutions, & remake the world. -God has given the people of the US this mission.
Historian William E. Leuchtenburg
ORIGIN
1630, John Winthrop wrote a sermon "City Upon a Hill".Called for establishing a virtuous community. 10th January, 1776, Thomas Paine pamphlet "Common Sense", American Revolution provided an opportunity to establish free&fair society.' 1803- Thomas Jeffereson made the "Louisina Purchase" Native Americans were removed from East of the Mississippi.
"Shining City Upon a Hill"
John Qunicy Adams
US Secretary of States.Favored Expansion. Negotiated the Treaty of 1818, estd. US-Canada Border. Treaty gave US & British Joint Occupation of Oregon Country. 1819- Florida Purchase Treaty 1823-Drafted the Monroe Doctrine
John L. O'Sullivan
1839 Article -"Divine destiny US had based on values of Equality, Rights of Conscience, Personal Enfranchisement. 1845 Article "Annexation in the Democratic Review", used the phrase "Manifest Destiny". Called for the annexation of Texas. President James Polk 1845-1849, worked to add Texas and fix Oregon Boundary Dispute. Opposed by Anti-Slavery activists, and Whig Party Members. Paved the way for the "Mexican-American War".
Controversy over annexation
Sullivan: The US should not impose its law on people against their will. Many people didn't want to extend the US Citizenship to people of Mexican descent.
Painting by Donald M. Yena. Texas State Library and Archives Commission, 1986/68-2.
Divide over opinion mitigated by Mexico Cession-2nd Feb, 1848
MEXICO cession
Mexico Ceded territories that now make up:
California, Nevada, Utah
Arizona, Colorado, New-Mexico.
Standstill over how to divide the Oregon Country Region
Sullivan, 27 Dec, 1845 article, "US had the right to claim all of the Oregon region.
Oregon Treaty 1846-divide Oregon along 49th parllel
President JAMES POLK 1845-1849
Polk realized the odds of fighting with the British.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
SAN FRANCISCO HARBOR
1850
1848
1848-Gold was discovered near Sierra Nevada Mountains. San Francsico gateway to that gold.
Had only 100 residents. California newly became an American Territory
Native American Population decreased from 150K to 30K. This drive dubbed "Manifest Destiny"
Natives, Colonist and RAILWAYS.
Railways
Colonists
Natives
REASONS FOR WESTWARD EXPANSION
Work in industries
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
People worked in industries that serve the miners like hardware stores, boarding houses, etc.
Due to scarcity of land, farmers headed to Willamette Valley via Oregon Trail.
PACIFIC RAILWAY ACT 1862
Expansion of railways faciliated Westward Expansion.
The Act granted railroad companies more than 100Million acres to complete transcontinental railroad.
It reduced travel time from 5 months to 6 days, which made travelling &transporting goods to and from West easier.
The miles of Railroad Track in the US tripled.
HOMESTEAD ACT 1862
It granted 160 acres of land for free to anyone over the age of 21 who have never taken up arms against the US govt. It included Women, Immigrants & African Americans. This was extension of "Free Soil Movement", to populate Western lands with small, independent farmers rather than slave holders or giant plantations. More than 1 million people acquired land this way.
CULTURAL MISSION
Cultural messaging of the period also promoted Westward Expansion. Manifest Destiny- U.S. had a divine mission to spread across North America. Related to the belief that American Civilization was superior to other culture. Any barrier to US expansion was obstacle to progess and civilization. Famous painiting by John Gast in 1872 titled "American Progress".
John Gast Painting
DISAGREEMENTS OVER WESTWARD EXPANSION
1848, to expand institution of slavery, some southern slave owners started to fund illegal non-govt. sponsored mission into foreign countries.
This is called "Military Filibustering".
Targeted Mexico, Cuba, Nicaragua in 1840s and 1850s.
Further divided supporters of Manifest Destiny and led to Civil War 1861.
RETURN OF MANIFEST DESTINY
1885
1897- 1901
Protestant Missionary Josiah Strong argued that the future of world depended upon America, that it had perfected the values of Civil Liberty.
William McKinley Presidency cited Manifest Destiny to promote US overseas expansion. Advocated for the annexation of Hawaii in 1898.
1892
"We need Hawaii just as much, and a good deal more than we did California. It is our Manifest Destiny".
Republican Party Platform made a public statement "We reaffirm our approval of the Monroe Doctrine, & beleive in the achievement of the Manifest Destiny of the Republic in the Broadest Sense"
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Historians debate whether or not the US acquistion of the Pacific Islands in the 1890s was a true example of Manifest Destiny or whether it was simply a show of "Imperalism".
It is important to know the ways that they resisted colonization, Native Americans were people who acted in history and not just people who were acted upon by it.
William Bradford, "It was a fearful sight to see them frying in the fire".
William Jennings Bryan's opposed the Spanish- American war, "Destiny is not as manifest as it was a few weeks ago".
Important to realise that the history of Indigeneous people on this land mass is not separate from American history, it is an essential part of it.
Native Americans have been so successfully marginalized, both geographically and metaphorically, that it is easy to either forget about them or else to view them merely as people to be pitied or reviled.
REFERENCES
"John Gast, American Progress, 1872". Picturing U.S. History. Marcy, Randolph B. (1859). The Prairie Traveler: A Hand-book for Overland Expeditions, with Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific.
Time Toast, US history.
Angel Needham, Manifest Destiny.
Mark R. Cheathem; Terry Corps (2016). Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny. O'Sullivan, John. "The Great Nation of Futurity". The United States Democratic Review Volume006 Burge, Daniel (August 2016). "Manifest Mirth: The Humorous Critique of Manifest Destiny, 1846–1858". Western Historical Quarterly. Favor, Lesli J. (2005). "6. Settling the West". A Historical Atlas of America's Manifest Destiny. Gilley, Billy H. (1979). "'Polk's War' and the Louisiana Press". Louisiana History. 20 (1): 5–23.
Pictures: Google Images
THANK YOU