TO INFINITIVEZERO INFINITIVE GERUNDS
When do we use to-infinitive?
1. after many aDjECTIVES
important, easy, difficult, hard, impossible, necessary...
Examples: "This test is easy to do.""Spanish is difficult to learn."
2. after certain VERBS
choose, decide, forget, expect, hope, intend, learn, mean, think, want, afford, agree, ask, prepare, refuse, remember, plan...
Examples: "We have decided to stay.""You shouldn't forget to call."
3. showing purpose
We can use ” to” to declare our goal or purpose. We can say that it is used to explain why an action is done.
Examples: "I came here to help you.""My sister went abroad to learn English."
When do we use gerunds? (-ing)
1. after stative verbs
like, love, enjoy, hate, dislike, don't mind...
Examples: "She hates being late." "I love reading poetry." BUT !
2. after Prepositions
after, before, at, for, without, by, on...
Examples: "By crying you won't get anything." "I won't take you with me without having the permission of your parents."
3. aS SUBJECT/OBJECT OF A SENTENCE
Examples: "Smoking kills." (S) "Swimming here is not allowed." (S) "He enjoys running" (Direct Obj.) "He made running a priority." (Indirect Obj.)
When do we use zero infinitive?
1. after modal verbs
Examples: You should be quiet. They must stay at home. We could help me with the dishes.
2. after "let", "make" AND (SOMETIMES) "HELP"
Examples: Let her leave earlier. We made the teacher cry. She helped me clean the classroom.
3. after verbs of perception
see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense...
Examples: "I watched her walk away."
4. after expressions with "why"
Examples: "Why stay here when we can leave earlier?" "Why go out the night before an exam?"
both possibilities ing / to-inf
both possibilities with no change in meaning
Prefer, propose, start, love, like, hate, continue, begin...
Examples: "I prefer to go / going later." "I will continue to study / studying." "He started to cry / crying."
both possibilities with change in meaning
Forget, quit, regret, remember, stop, try...
"I tried to open the window." (= I attempted this action but didn’t succeed.) "I tried opening the window." (This was one option. Maybe the room was hot.)
Forget, quit, regret, remember, stop, try...
"She remembered to visit her grandmother."(She didn’t forget to visit.) "She remembered visiting her grandmother." (She had memories of this time.)
Forget, quit, regret, remember, stop, try...
"I regret promising to help you."(I’m sorry that I made the promise.) "I regret to tell you that we can't hire you." (I’m telling you now, and I’m sorry.)
BTO - To Infinitive/Zero Infinitive/Gerunds
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Transcript
TO INFINITIVEZERO INFINITIVE GERUNDS
When do we use to-infinitive?
1. after many aDjECTIVES
important, easy, difficult, hard, impossible, necessary...
Examples: "This test is easy to do.""Spanish is difficult to learn."
2. after certain VERBS
choose, decide, forget, expect, hope, intend, learn, mean, think, want, afford, agree, ask, prepare, refuse, remember, plan...
Examples: "We have decided to stay.""You shouldn't forget to call."
3. showing purpose
We can use ” to” to declare our goal or purpose. We can say that it is used to explain why an action is done.
Examples: "I came here to help you.""My sister went abroad to learn English."
When do we use gerunds? (-ing)
1. after stative verbs
like, love, enjoy, hate, dislike, don't mind...
Examples: "She hates being late." "I love reading poetry." BUT !
2. after Prepositions
after, before, at, for, without, by, on...
Examples: "By crying you won't get anything." "I won't take you with me without having the permission of your parents."
3. aS SUBJECT/OBJECT OF A SENTENCE
Examples: "Smoking kills." (S) "Swimming here is not allowed." (S) "He enjoys running" (Direct Obj.) "He made running a priority." (Indirect Obj.)
When do we use zero infinitive?
1. after modal verbs
Examples: You should be quiet. They must stay at home. We could help me with the dishes.
2. after "let", "make" AND (SOMETIMES) "HELP"
Examples: Let her leave earlier. We made the teacher cry. She helped me clean the classroom.
3. after verbs of perception
see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense...
Examples: "I watched her walk away."
4. after expressions with "why"
Examples: "Why stay here when we can leave earlier?" "Why go out the night before an exam?"
both possibilities ing / to-inf
both possibilities with no change in meaning
Prefer, propose, start, love, like, hate, continue, begin...
Examples: "I prefer to go / going later." "I will continue to study / studying." "He started to cry / crying."
both possibilities with change in meaning
Forget, quit, regret, remember, stop, try...
"I tried to open the window." (= I attempted this action but didn’t succeed.) "I tried opening the window." (This was one option. Maybe the room was hot.)
Forget, quit, regret, remember, stop, try...
"She remembered to visit her grandmother."(She didn’t forget to visit.) "She remembered visiting her grandmother." (She had memories of this time.)
Forget, quit, regret, remember, stop, try...
"I regret promising to help you."(I’m sorry that I made the promise.) "I regret to tell you that we can't hire you." (I’m telling you now, and I’m sorry.)