MADRAS SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK, (CHENNAI-8) An Autonomous institution affiliated to the University of Madras M.Phil – Psychology Batch 2021-2022
Name : Shafiqul Farinas S Register Number: 2115774051001 Name of the Degree & Branch: M.Phil Psychology Name of the subject: Counseling and Psychotherapeutics Subject Code: MPP/16C/102 Assignment Type : In class Assignment
COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
INDEX
Definition
Stages
Core conditions
Strategies
Definitions and Characteristics
What is a helping relationship?
A relationship in which one of the parties has the intent of promoting the growth, development, maturity, improved functioning and improved coping with life of the other is a Helping relationship
CARL ROGERS (1961)
DEFINITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A HELPING RELATIONSHIP
A relationship initially structured by the counsellor but open to restructure based on client's needs
Begins with initial meeting & continues through termination
Everyone in the relationship perceive the existence of trust, caring, concern and commitment
Needs of the client are given priority over the needs of the counsellor
DEFINITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A HELPING RELATIONSHIP
Provides the safety needed for self-exploration for all persons involved
Personal growth of all persons involved
Promotes the potential of all persons involved
STAGES OF HELPING RELATIONSHIP
How does it progress?
STAGES OF HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
- Relationship development
- Extended exploration
- Problem resolution
- Termination and follow-up
RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT
STAGE
This stage includes:
- the initial meeting of the client and the counselor
- rapport building
- information gathering
- goal determination
- informing the client about conditions under during counseling
EXTENDED EXPLORATION
STAGE
Using selected techniques, approaches & strategies, the counselor explores the following:
- the emotional and cognitive dynamics of the client,
- problem parameters,
- previously tried solutions, and
- decision-making capabilities of the client.
PROBLEM RESOLUTION
STAGE
This stage is characterized by increased activity for all parties involved.
- The counselor’s activities: facilitating, demonstrating, instructing, and providing a safe environment for the development of change.
- The client’s activities: reevaluation, emotional and cognitive dynamics, trying out new behaviors, and discarding those behaviors that do not meet goals.
STAGE
TERMINATION AND FOLLOW-UP
This stage is cooperatively determined by all persons involved. Methods and procedures for follow-up are determined prior to the last meeting.
CORE CONDITIONS IN HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
CORE CONDITION IN HELPING RELATIONSHIP
GENUINENESS & CONGRUENCE
EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING
RESPECT & POSITIVE REGARD
IMMEDIACY
CONCRETENESS
WARMTH
Empathic understanding is the ability to feel with clients as opposed to feeling for clients. It is the ability to understand feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences by viewing them from the client’s frame of reference.
Coutinho et al., 2014
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING
The knowledge and awareness of one’s own feelings and emotional response patterns
The knowledge and awareness of one’s own values, attitudes, and beliefs
The knowledge and awareness of one’s own life experiences and reactions to those experiences
The capacity and willingness to communicate these personal reactions to one’s clients
Respect and positive regard are deined as a belief in each client’s innate worth and potential and the ability to communicate this belief in the helping relationship.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE RESPECT AND POSITIVE REGARD
The capacity to respect oneself
The capacity to view oneself as having worth and potential
The capacity to recognize one’s own control needs and the ability to use this recognition in a manner that allows clients to direct their own lives
The capacity to model and communicate this positive self-image to clients
Genuineness and congruence describe the ability to be authentic in the helping relationship
D. W. Sue & Sue, 2013
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE GENUINENESS AND CONGRUENCE
The ability to demonstrate this capacity of self-awareness through words and actions
The capacity to view oneself as having worth and potential
The capacity to recognize one’s own control needs and the ability to use this recognition in a manner that allows clients to direct their own lives
The capacity to model and communicate this positive self-image to clients
Concreteness is the ability not only to see the incomplete picture that clients paint with their words but also to communicate to clients the figures, images, and structures that will complete the picture.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE CONCRETENESS
The willingness to risk being incorrect as one attempts to fill in the empty spaces
The capacity for abstract thinking and the ability to read between the lines
The belief in one’s own competence in analyzing and sorting through the truths and partial truths in clients’ statements
The ability to be objective while working with clients in arriving at the reality of clients’ situations
Warmth is the ability to communicate and demonstrate genuine caring and concern for clients
Skovholt (2005)
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE WARMTH
The capacity for self-care, and the ability to demonstrate this capacity in both actions and words
The capacity for self-acceptance, basing this acceptance on one’s assets and liabilities
The desire to find workable solutions to one’s own problems, and the ability to communicate this desire through words and actions
The desire for one’s own well-being, and the ability to demonstrate this desire through both words and actions
Immediacy is the ability to deal with the here-and-now factors that operate within the helping relationship
Clemence et al., 2012
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE IMMEDIACY
The capacity for perceptive accuracy in interpreting clients’ feelings, thoughts, and behaviors toward the counselor
The capacity for perceptive accuracy in interpreting one’s own feelings, thoughts, and behaviors toward clients
The capacity for and willingness to deal with one’s own issues related to clients on a personal as opposed to an abstract level
The willingness to confront both oneself and clients with what one observes to be happening in the helping relationship
STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP HELPING RELATIONSHIP
STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES THAT AID DATA GATHERING
STRATEGIES THAT ADD DEPTH AND ENHANCE RELATIIONSHIP
STRATEGIES THAT BUILD RAPPORT AND ENCOURAGE CLIENT DIALOGUE
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(smiling) Please tell me what brought you in today.
(Encouraging)
I’m having a hard time trying to put my life in order. I’m very lonely and bored, and I can’t seem to maintain a lasting relationship.
ATTENDING & ENCOURAGING
(leaning forward) Please tell me more.
(Attending/Encouraging)
Every time I think I have a chance of developing a relationship, I screw it up by saying or doing something dumb.
(nodding) This is helpful, please go on.
(Encouraging)
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
I don’t know why I do these dumb things. It’s almost as if I did not want a relationship.
You don’t know why you do dumb things. It may be that you don’t want a relationship.
(Restating)
Restating & Paraphrasing
I do want a relationship, but each time I get close I seem to do everything in my power to destroy it.
You are very sure that you want a relationship, but each time you have the opportunity you sabotage your chances.
(Paraphrasing)
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
“Sabotage” is a good word. It’s like I see what I want, but instead of moving toward it, I take a different path that leads nowhere.
(Reflecting Content)
You have a good idea of what you want, but when you see it developing, you turn and walk the other way.
Relecting Content & Relecting Feeling
I am not sure “walk” is the right word. “Run” is more descriptive of what I do, and all the time I’m looking back to see if anyone is following.
(Reflecting Feeling)
You’re afraid of getting close to someone, so you put as much distance between the other person and yourself as possible. I also hear that you’re hoping that someone cares enough about you to run after you and stop you from running away.
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
If what you say is true, I’m a real jerk. What chance do I have to be happy if I run away every time I get close to someone else?
(Clarifying)
You say you want to be happy. What does “happy” mean to you?
Clarifying & Perception Checking
(long pause) I would be happy if I could let someone care for me, get to know me, want to spend time with me, and allow me to just be me and stop pretending.
(Perception Checking)
Let me see if I’m understanding you. Your view of happiness is having someone who cares enough about you to spend time with you and to allow you to be yourself. Am I correct?
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
Yes, I think that’s what I’d like to have happen. That would make me happy. I would be in a relationship, feel cared about, and yet be able to be myself without having to either run or pretend.
(Summarizing)
We’ve talked about many things today. I’d like to review some of this and make plans for our next meeting. The parts that stick out in my mind are your loneliness, boredom, and desire to have a lasting relationship; your behaviors that drive you away from building such a relationship; and your need for caring and the freedom to be yourself. Am I missing anything?
Summarizing
Only that I want someone who wants to spend time with me. I think that’s important.
(Summarizing)
So now we have a more complete picture that includes loneliness, boredom, desire for a relationship, desire for someone to spend time with, desire for someone who cares, and the need to be yourself. On the other side of the picture, we have your behaviors that keep this from happening. Where do you think we should begin next week?
STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES THAT AID DATA GATHERING
STRATEGIES THAT BUILD RAPPORT AND ENCOURAGE CLIENT DIALOGUE
STRATEGIES THAT ADD DEPTH AND ENHANCE RELATIIONSHIP
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
I’ve thought a lot about what we talked about last week, and I feel I have to work on changing my behavior.
(Open Questioning)
Would you tell me what you think needs to be done to change your behavior?
Questioning
(short pause) I need to stop screwing up my chances for a relationship. I need to face what it is that makes me run away.
(Open Questioning)
Would you please talk more about the “it” that makes yourun away?
I can’t tell you what it is. All I know is that I hear this voice saying, “Run, run.”
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(Probing)
I want you to be more speciic about this “voice.” Whose voice is it? What does it say to you?
(very long pause) I guess it’s my voice. It sounds like something I would do. I’m such a jerk.
Probing and Leading
(Leading)
You told me whose voice it is, but you didn’t tell me what the voice says. Would you talk about this?
(raising his voice) It says, “Get out or you’re going to get hurt. She doesn’t like you and she’ll use you and drop you just like the rest.”
STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES THAT AID DATA GATHERING
STRATEGIES THAT BUILD RAPPORT AND ENCOURAGE CLIENT DIALOGUE
STRATEGIES THAT ADD DEPTH AND ENHANCE RELATIIONSHIP
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(Self-Disclosure)
(aware of the client’s agitation) The anger I hear in your voice and words triggers anger in me as I think of my own lost relationships.
Self-Disclosure
(smiling) I am angry. I’m also glad you said that. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only one who ever felt this way.
(Self-Disclosure)
(smiling) I am very pleased with what you just said. At this moment, I also do not feel alone with my anger.
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(smiling) I feel angry at myself a great deal. I want so much to ind a per- son and develop a relationship that lasts.
(Confrontation)
You’ve said this several times in our sessions, but I’m not sure I believe you, based on what you do to keep it from happening. Make me believe you really want this to happen.
Confrontation
What do you mean, you don’t believe me? I just told you, didn’t I? What more do you want?
(Confrontation)
Yes, I’ve heard your words, but you haven’t convinced me. I don’t think you’ve convinced yourself, either. Say something that will con- vince both of us.
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(Responding to Nonverbal Cues)
(turning away) Yes, you’re right. I’m not convinced this is what I want. (smiling) Maybe I was never meant to be happy.
What I said made you angry and, I would suspect, hurt a little. Did you notice you turned away before you began to speak? What were you telling me when you turned away?
Responding to Nonverbal Cues
(smiling) What you said did hurt me. I was angry, but I’m also embarrassed not to be able to handle this part of my life. I don’t like you seeing me this way.
(Responding to Nonverbal Cues)
I’ve noticed that on several occasions when you talk about your feelings of anger, embarrassment, or hopelessness, you smile. What does the smile mean?
(long pause) I guess I want you to believe that it isn’t as bad as it sounds or that I’m not as hopeless as I think I am.
It is bad, or you wouldn’t be here, and “hopeless” is your word, not mine. Our time is up for today. Between now and next week, I want you to think about what we’ve discussed. See you next week?
OVERVIEW
Definition and definitive characteristics of helping relationship
The four stages of helping relationship : Relationship development, Extended exploration, Problem resolution & Termination and follow-up
II
The six core conditions in helping rlationship: empathic understanding, respect and positive regard, genuineness and congruence, concreteness, warmth, and immediacy.
III
Strategies used in a helping relationship : (a) strategies that build rap- port and encourage client dialogue, (b) strategies that aid in data gathering, and (c) strategies that add depth and enhance the relationship.
IV
THANKS!
SHAFIQUL FARINAS
CPT UNIT 1
Farinas Sirajudeen
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MADRAS SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK, (CHENNAI-8) An Autonomous institution affiliated to the University of Madras M.Phil – Psychology Batch 2021-2022
Name : Shafiqul Farinas S Register Number: 2115774051001 Name of the Degree & Branch: M.Phil Psychology Name of the subject: Counseling and Psychotherapeutics Subject Code: MPP/16C/102 Assignment Type : In class Assignment
COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
INDEX
Definition
Stages
Core conditions
Strategies
Definitions and Characteristics
What is a helping relationship?
A relationship in which one of the parties has the intent of promoting the growth, development, maturity, improved functioning and improved coping with life of the other is a Helping relationship
CARL ROGERS (1961)
DEFINITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A HELPING RELATIONSHIP
A relationship initially structured by the counsellor but open to restructure based on client's needs
Begins with initial meeting & continues through termination
Everyone in the relationship perceive the existence of trust, caring, concern and commitment
Needs of the client are given priority over the needs of the counsellor
DEFINITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A HELPING RELATIONSHIP
Provides the safety needed for self-exploration for all persons involved
Personal growth of all persons involved
Promotes the potential of all persons involved
STAGES OF HELPING RELATIONSHIP
How does it progress?
STAGES OF HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT
STAGE
This stage includes:
EXTENDED EXPLORATION
STAGE
Using selected techniques, approaches & strategies, the counselor explores the following:
PROBLEM RESOLUTION
STAGE
This stage is characterized by increased activity for all parties involved.
STAGE
TERMINATION AND FOLLOW-UP
This stage is cooperatively determined by all persons involved. Methods and procedures for follow-up are determined prior to the last meeting.
CORE CONDITIONS IN HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
CORE CONDITION IN HELPING RELATIONSHIP
GENUINENESS & CONGRUENCE
EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING
RESPECT & POSITIVE REGARD
IMMEDIACY
CONCRETENESS
WARMTH
Empathic understanding is the ability to feel with clients as opposed to feeling for clients. It is the ability to understand feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences by viewing them from the client’s frame of reference.
Coutinho et al., 2014
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING
The knowledge and awareness of one’s own feelings and emotional response patterns
The knowledge and awareness of one’s own values, attitudes, and beliefs
The knowledge and awareness of one’s own life experiences and reactions to those experiences
The capacity and willingness to communicate these personal reactions to one’s clients
Respect and positive regard are deined as a belief in each client’s innate worth and potential and the ability to communicate this belief in the helping relationship.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE RESPECT AND POSITIVE REGARD
The capacity to respect oneself
The capacity to view oneself as having worth and potential
The capacity to recognize one’s own control needs and the ability to use this recognition in a manner that allows clients to direct their own lives
The capacity to model and communicate this positive self-image to clients
Genuineness and congruence describe the ability to be authentic in the helping relationship
D. W. Sue & Sue, 2013
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE GENUINENESS AND CONGRUENCE
The ability to demonstrate this capacity of self-awareness through words and actions
The capacity to view oneself as having worth and potential
The capacity to recognize one’s own control needs and the ability to use this recognition in a manner that allows clients to direct their own lives
The capacity to model and communicate this positive self-image to clients
Concreteness is the ability not only to see the incomplete picture that clients paint with their words but also to communicate to clients the figures, images, and structures that will complete the picture.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE CONCRETENESS
The willingness to risk being incorrect as one attempts to fill in the empty spaces
The capacity for abstract thinking and the ability to read between the lines
The belief in one’s own competence in analyzing and sorting through the truths and partial truths in clients’ statements
The ability to be objective while working with clients in arriving at the reality of clients’ situations
Warmth is the ability to communicate and demonstrate genuine caring and concern for clients
Skovholt (2005)
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE WARMTH
The capacity for self-care, and the ability to demonstrate this capacity in both actions and words
The capacity for self-acceptance, basing this acceptance on one’s assets and liabilities
The desire to find workable solutions to one’s own problems, and the ability to communicate this desire through words and actions
The desire for one’s own well-being, and the ability to demonstrate this desire through both words and actions
Immediacy is the ability to deal with the here-and-now factors that operate within the helping relationship
Clemence et al., 2012
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE IMMEDIACY
The capacity for perceptive accuracy in interpreting clients’ feelings, thoughts, and behaviors toward the counselor
The capacity for perceptive accuracy in interpreting one’s own feelings, thoughts, and behaviors toward clients
The capacity for and willingness to deal with one’s own issues related to clients on a personal as opposed to an abstract level
The willingness to confront both oneself and clients with what one observes to be happening in the helping relationship
STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP HELPING RELATIONSHIP
STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES THAT AID DATA GATHERING
STRATEGIES THAT ADD DEPTH AND ENHANCE RELATIIONSHIP
STRATEGIES THAT BUILD RAPPORT AND ENCOURAGE CLIENT DIALOGUE
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(smiling) Please tell me what brought you in today.
(Encouraging)
I’m having a hard time trying to put my life in order. I’m very lonely and bored, and I can’t seem to maintain a lasting relationship.
ATTENDING & ENCOURAGING
(leaning forward) Please tell me more.
(Attending/Encouraging)
Every time I think I have a chance of developing a relationship, I screw it up by saying or doing something dumb.
(nodding) This is helpful, please go on.
(Encouraging)
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
I don’t know why I do these dumb things. It’s almost as if I did not want a relationship.
You don’t know why you do dumb things. It may be that you don’t want a relationship.
(Restating)
Restating & Paraphrasing
I do want a relationship, but each time I get close I seem to do everything in my power to destroy it.
You are very sure that you want a relationship, but each time you have the opportunity you sabotage your chances.
(Paraphrasing)
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
“Sabotage” is a good word. It’s like I see what I want, but instead of moving toward it, I take a different path that leads nowhere.
(Reflecting Content)
You have a good idea of what you want, but when you see it developing, you turn and walk the other way.
Relecting Content & Relecting Feeling
I am not sure “walk” is the right word. “Run” is more descriptive of what I do, and all the time I’m looking back to see if anyone is following.
(Reflecting Feeling)
You’re afraid of getting close to someone, so you put as much distance between the other person and yourself as possible. I also hear that you’re hoping that someone cares enough about you to run after you and stop you from running away.
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
If what you say is true, I’m a real jerk. What chance do I have to be happy if I run away every time I get close to someone else?
(Clarifying)
You say you want to be happy. What does “happy” mean to you?
Clarifying & Perception Checking
(long pause) I would be happy if I could let someone care for me, get to know me, want to spend time with me, and allow me to just be me and stop pretending.
(Perception Checking)
Let me see if I’m understanding you. Your view of happiness is having someone who cares enough about you to spend time with you and to allow you to be yourself. Am I correct?
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
Yes, I think that’s what I’d like to have happen. That would make me happy. I would be in a relationship, feel cared about, and yet be able to be myself without having to either run or pretend.
(Summarizing)
We’ve talked about many things today. I’d like to review some of this and make plans for our next meeting. The parts that stick out in my mind are your loneliness, boredom, and desire to have a lasting relationship; your behaviors that drive you away from building such a relationship; and your need for caring and the freedom to be yourself. Am I missing anything?
Summarizing
Only that I want someone who wants to spend time with me. I think that’s important.
(Summarizing)
So now we have a more complete picture that includes loneliness, boredom, desire for a relationship, desire for someone to spend time with, desire for someone who cares, and the need to be yourself. On the other side of the picture, we have your behaviors that keep this from happening. Where do you think we should begin next week?
STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES THAT AID DATA GATHERING
STRATEGIES THAT BUILD RAPPORT AND ENCOURAGE CLIENT DIALOGUE
STRATEGIES THAT ADD DEPTH AND ENHANCE RELATIIONSHIP
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
I’ve thought a lot about what we talked about last week, and I feel I have to work on changing my behavior.
(Open Questioning)
Would you tell me what you think needs to be done to change your behavior?
Questioning
(short pause) I need to stop screwing up my chances for a relationship. I need to face what it is that makes me run away.
(Open Questioning)
Would you please talk more about the “it” that makes yourun away?
I can’t tell you what it is. All I know is that I hear this voice saying, “Run, run.”
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(Probing)
I want you to be more speciic about this “voice.” Whose voice is it? What does it say to you?
(very long pause) I guess it’s my voice. It sounds like something I would do. I’m such a jerk.
Probing and Leading
(Leading)
You told me whose voice it is, but you didn’t tell me what the voice says. Would you talk about this?
(raising his voice) It says, “Get out or you’re going to get hurt. She doesn’t like you and she’ll use you and drop you just like the rest.”
STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES THAT AID DATA GATHERING
STRATEGIES THAT BUILD RAPPORT AND ENCOURAGE CLIENT DIALOGUE
STRATEGIES THAT ADD DEPTH AND ENHANCE RELATIIONSHIP
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(Self-Disclosure)
(aware of the client’s agitation) The anger I hear in your voice and words triggers anger in me as I think of my own lost relationships.
Self-Disclosure
(smiling) I am angry. I’m also glad you said that. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only one who ever felt this way.
(Self-Disclosure)
(smiling) I am very pleased with what you just said. At this moment, I also do not feel alone with my anger.
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(smiling) I feel angry at myself a great deal. I want so much to ind a per- son and develop a relationship that lasts.
(Confrontation)
You’ve said this several times in our sessions, but I’m not sure I believe you, based on what you do to keep it from happening. Make me believe you really want this to happen.
Confrontation
What do you mean, you don’t believe me? I just told you, didn’t I? What more do you want?
(Confrontation)
Yes, I’ve heard your words, but you haven’t convinced me. I don’t think you’ve convinced yourself, either. Say something that will con- vince both of us.
CLIENT
COUNSELLOR
(Responding to Nonverbal Cues)
(turning away) Yes, you’re right. I’m not convinced this is what I want. (smiling) Maybe I was never meant to be happy.
What I said made you angry and, I would suspect, hurt a little. Did you notice you turned away before you began to speak? What were you telling me when you turned away?
Responding to Nonverbal Cues
(smiling) What you said did hurt me. I was angry, but I’m also embarrassed not to be able to handle this part of my life. I don’t like you seeing me this way.
(Responding to Nonverbal Cues)
I’ve noticed that on several occasions when you talk about your feelings of anger, embarrassment, or hopelessness, you smile. What does the smile mean?
(long pause) I guess I want you to believe that it isn’t as bad as it sounds or that I’m not as hopeless as I think I am.
It is bad, or you wouldn’t be here, and “hopeless” is your word, not mine. Our time is up for today. Between now and next week, I want you to think about what we’ve discussed. See you next week?
OVERVIEW
Definition and definitive characteristics of helping relationship
The four stages of helping relationship : Relationship development, Extended exploration, Problem resolution & Termination and follow-up
II
The six core conditions in helping rlationship: empathic understanding, respect and positive regard, genuineness and congruence, concreteness, warmth, and immediacy.
III
Strategies used in a helping relationship : (a) strategies that build rap- port and encourage client dialogue, (b) strategies that aid in data gathering, and (c) strategies that add depth and enhance the relationship.
IV
THANKS!
SHAFIQUL FARINAS