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E-DICTIONARY

Meagan Mojica

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ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY

FINAL REQUIREMENT (BSEE 21)

Student: Mojica, Meagan S. (BSE E 1-1) Advisor: Dr. Carmencita Tosco

Date

This electronic dictionary is made for educational purposes only, in addition, the words that can be found are words that are interlink to "Linguistics". I hope this may help you.

- M.Mojica

PARTS OF

E-DICTIONARY

.01

GROUP NUMBER BASED ON INDEX

PAGE NUMBER

ACRONYM

WORD

DEFINITION

an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word GUIDE WORDS:

ac·ro·nym
/ˈakrəˌnim/
noun
plural (acronyms)
from Greek acr- (beginning or top) with -onym (name or word)

ENTRY WORD

PRONUNCIATION

PART OF SPEECH

PLURAL FORM

ORIGIN OF THE WORD

PLEASE SELECT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING, FOR YOU TO BE DIRECTED TO THE PAGE YOU WANT TO.

Index

04. J-L

07. S-U

01. A-C

08. V-X

05.M-O

02. D-F

06. P-R

09. Y-Z

03. G-I

INDEX

.01

ACRONYM

DEFINITION

an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word GUIDE WORDS:

ac·ro·nym
/ˈakrəˌnim/
noun
plural (acronyms)
from Greek acr- (beginning or top) with -onym (name or word)

INDEX

.01

ADJECTIVE

DEFINITION

ad·jec·tive
/ˈajəktiv/
noun
plural (adjectives)
from Latin "nōmen adjectīvum" meaning additional noun

a word that modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun. GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.01

AFFIX

DEFINITION

an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. GUIDE WORDS: affixed; affixing; affixes

af·fix
/əˈfiks/
verb
plural (affixes)
from Latin adverbium, from ad- ("to"), verbum ("word", "verb"), and the nominal suffix -ium.

INDEX

.01

ALLOPHONE

DEFINITION

an allophone is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language GUIDE WORDS: allophonic

al·lo·phone
\ ˈa-lə-ˌfōn \
noun
plural (allophones)
from the Greek ἄλλος, állos, "other" and φωνή, phōnē, "voice, sound"

INDEX

.01

AMBIGUITY

DEFINITION

he fact of something having more than one possible meaning and therefore possibly causing confusion GUIDE WORDS:

am·bi·gu·i·ty
\ ˌam-bə-ˈgyü-ə-tē \
noun
plural (ambiguities)
from the Latin ambiguus, which was formed by combining ambi- (meaning "both") and agere ("to drive")

INDEX

.01

ANAPHORA

DEFINITION

it is the repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect GUIDE WORDS:

anaph·o·ra
\ ə-ˈna-f(ə-)rə \
noun
plural (anaphoras;anaphor)
from Greek words "ana", meaning repeat or back, and "pherein", meaning to carry.

INDEX

.01

ANTONYM

DEFINITION

it is a a word with a meaning that is opposite to the meaning of another word. GUIDE WORDS:

an·to·nym
\ ˈan-tə-ˌnim \
noun
plural (antonyms)
from Greek word "anti" means opposite, while "onym" means name. Opposite name

INDEX

.01

ARTICLE

DEFINITION

Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. English has two articles: the and a/an. “The” is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; “a/an” is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. GUIDE WORDS:

ar·ti·cle
\ ˈär-ti-kəl \
noun
plural (articles)
from Latin articulus "a part, a member," also "a knuckle; the article in grammar," diminutive of artus "a joint" (from PIE *ar(ə)-tu-, suffixed form of root

INDEX

.01

ARTICULATION

DEFINITION

a configuration of the vocal tract (the larynx and the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities) resulting from the positioning of the mobile organs of the vocal tract (e.g., tongue) relative to other parts of the vocal tract that may be rigid (e.g., hard palate). GUIDE WORDS: articulate

ar·tic·u·la·tion
\ (ˌ)är-ˌti-kyə-ˈlā-shən \
noun
plural (articulations)
from the Latin word for "jointed" or "divided into joints."

INDEX

.01

BEHAVIORISM

DEFINITION

a theory states that "infant kearns oral language from other human role model through a process involving imitation, rewards, and practice. GUIDE WORDS: behavior, behaviorist

be·hav·ior·ism
\ bi-ˈhā-vyə-ˌri-zəm , bē- \
noun
plural (behaviorisms)
formed in the 15th century from the prefix be-; plus have, which means “in order to express a qualified sense of have, particularly in the reflexive 'to have or bear oneself (in a specified way)

INDEX

.01

BELIEF

DEFINITION

conviction of the truth of some statement or the reality of some being or phenomenon especially when based on examination of evidenceconviction of the truth of some statement or the reality of some being or phenomenon especially when based on examination of evidence. GUIDE WORDS:

be·lief
\ bə-ˈlēf \
noun
plural (beliefs)
The word belief comes from two words. Be comes from being, which is a state of existence. To be is to live. The second word lief comes from the Indo-European word leubh which means – love.

INDEX

.01

BLENDING

DEFINITION

a type of word formation in which two or more words are merged into one so that the blended constituents are either clipped, or partially overlap GUIDE WORDS: blend, blends

blen·ding
/ˈblendiNG/
verb
plural (blends)

From Middle English blenden, either from Old English blandan, blondan, ġeblandan, ġeblendan or from Old Norse blanda (“to blend, mix”)

INDEX

.01

BOUND

DEFINITION

a bound morpheme is a morpheme (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression; a free morpheme (or unbound morpheme) is one that can stand alone. GUIDE WORDS:

bound
\ ˈbau̇nd \
adjective
plural (bounds)

from French bond (noun), bondir (verb) 'resound', later 'rebound', from late Latin bombitare, from Latin bombus 'humming'

INDEX

.01

CLAUSE

DEFINITION

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself. . GUIDE WORDS:

clause
\ ˈklȯz \
noun
plural (clauses)

from the old French clause, which, if we trace it way back, comes from the Latin clausula “article or section of a text.”

INDEX

.01

CLIPPING

DEFINITION

also called truncation or shortening, is word formation by removing some segments of an existing word to create a synonym. Clipping differs from abbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. GUIDE WORDS: clip

clip·ping
\ ˈkli-piŋ \
verb
plural (clippings)

from the old French clause, which, if we trace it way back, comes from the Latin clausula “article or section of a text.”

INDEX

.01

COGNITIVE

DEFINITION

an approach to the analysis of natural language that originated in the late seventies and early eighties that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information GUIDE WORDS: cognition, cognitivism

cog·ni·tive
/ˈkäɡnədiv/
adjective
plural (cognitions)

from the Latin cognit-, (“a getting to know, acquaintance, notion, knowledge, etc.”)

INDEX

.01

COGNITIVISM

DEFINITION

an interdisciplinary approach to the study of language, mind, and sociocultural experience that first emerged in the 1970s. It also takes the view that language reflects general aspects of cognition rather than adopting a modular view of mind GUIDE WORDS: cognitive, cognitivist

cog·ni·tiv·ism
[ kog-ni-tiv -ˌvizəm ]
noun
plural (cognitivisms)

from the Latin cognoscere, referring to knowing and information, thus cognitive psychology is an information-processing psychology derived in part from earlier traditions of the investigation of thought and problem solving.

INDEX

.01

COLLOCATIVE

DEFINITION

Collocative meaning, or "collocation", describes words that regularly appear together in common use (within certain contexts) GUIDE WORDS: collocation

col·lo·ca·tive
[ kol-uh-key-tiv ]
adjective
plural (collocatives)

from the Latin for "place together"

INDEX

.01

COMMUNICATION

DEFINITION

the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else GUIDE WORDS:

com·mu·ni·ca·tion
\ kə-ˌmyü-nə-ˈkā-shən \
noun
plural (communications)

from the Latin noun "communicatio", which meant a sharing or imparting

INDEX

.01

COMPARATIVE

DEFINITION

a syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison between two entities or groups of entities in quality or degree - see also comparison for an overview of comparison, as well as positive and superlative degrees of comparison. GUIDE WORDS: compare

com·par·a·tive
\ kəm-ˈper-ə-tiv , -ˈpa-rə- \
adjective
plural (comparatives)

from the Latin verb comparāre, "to compare," comparative worked its way into Late Middle English as an adjectival form indicating comparison.

INDEX

.01

COMPETENCE

DEFINITION

the ability to do something well : the quality or state of being competent GUIDE WORDS: competencies

com·pe·tence
\ ˈkäm-pə-tən(t)s \
noun
plural (competences)

from Latin competentia "meeting together, agreement, symmetry," from competens, present participle of competere

INDEX

.01

COMPOUNDING

DEFINITION

it is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). GUIDE WORDS: compounded; compounding; compounds

com·pounding
\ käm-ˈpau̇nd , kəm-ˈpau̇nd, ˈkäm-ˌpau̇nd \
verb
plural (compounds)

from the Latin for "put together"

INDEX

.01

CONCEPTUAL

DEFINITION

means related to ideas and concepts formed in the mind; of, relating to, or consisting of concepts GUIDE WORDS: concept

con·cep·tu·al
\ kən-ˈsep-chə-wəl , -chü-əl, kän-, -chəl, -shwəl \
adjective
plural (conceptuals)

from Late Latin conceptus, from Latin concipere "to take in, conceive, receive."

INDEX

.01

CONJUNCTION

DEFINITION

a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions. GUIDE WORDS:

con·junc·tion
\ kən-ˈjəŋ(k)-shən \
noun
plural (conjunctions)

from Old French conjonction "union, joining"

INDEX

.01

CONNOTATIVE

DEFINITION

having the power of implying or suggesting something in addition to what is explicit GUIDE WORDS: connotational, connotative

con·no·ta·tive
\\ ˈkä-nə-ˌtā-tiv , kə-ˈnō-tə-tiv \ kən-ˈjəŋ(k)-shən \
adjective
plural (connotatives)

from assimilated form of Latin com "with, together" (see con-) + notare "to mark, note, make a note," from nota "mark, sign, means of recognition" (see note (n.)). Meaning "that which constitutes the meaning of a word"

INDEX

.01

CONNOTATION

DEFINITION

an idea or quality that a word makes you think about in addition to its meaning GUIDE WORDS: connotational, connotative

con·no·ta·tion
\ ˌkä-nə-ˈtā-shən \
noun
plural (connotations)

from Medieval Latin connotationem (nominative connotatio)

INDEX

.01

CONSONANT

DEFINITION

a speech sound that is not a vowel. It also refers to letters of the alphabet that represent those sounds: Z, B, T, G, and H are all consonants. Consonants are all the non-vowel sounds, or their corresponding letters: A, E, I, O, U and sometimes Y are not consonants. GUIDE WORDS:

con·so·nant
\ ˈkän(t)-s(ə-)nənt \
adjective
plural (consonants)

from Latin consonantem (nominative consonans) "sounding together, agreeing," as a noun

INDEX

.01

CONTEXT

DEFINITION

refers to those objects or entities which surround a focal event, in these disciplines typically a communicative event, of some kind. Context is "a frame that surrounds the event and provides resources for its appropriate interpretation" GUIDE WORDS:

con·text
\ ˈkän-ˌtekst \
noun
plural (contexts)

from the Latin words con (meaning “together”) and texere (meaning “to weave”).

INDEX

.01

COREFERENCE

DEFINITION

a relationship between two words or phrases in which both refer to the same person or thing and one stands as a linguistic antecedent of the other, as the two pronouns in She taught herself but not in She taught her. GUIDE WORDS: coreferedential

co·re·fe·rence
(kouˈrefərəns, -ˈrefrəns)
noun
plural (coreferences)

INDEX

.02

DECODING

DEFINITION

how an audience member is able to understand, and interpret the message. It is a process of interpretation and translation of coded information into a comprehensible form. GUIDE WORDS: decode

de·code
\ (ˌ)dē-ˈkōd \
verb
plural (decodes)
from Latin de "down, down from, from, off; concerning" (see de), also used as a prefix in Latin, usually meaning "down, off, away, from among, down from,"

INDEX

.02

DEIXIS

DEFINITION

the pointing or specifying function of some words (such as definite articles and demonstrative pronouns) whose denotation changes from one discourse to another . GUIDE WORDS:

deix·is
\ ˈdīk-sis also ˈdāk- \
noun
plural (deixes)
from the Greek, meaning "pointing" or "show,"

INDEX

.02

DENOTATION

DEFINITION

the relationship between a linguistic sign and its direct content, often considered the primary meaning of the sign. Denotation is considered to be of a referential nature.. GUIDE WORDS: denotative

de·no·ta·tion
\ ˌdē-nō-ˈtā-shən \
noun
plural (denotations)
from the Latin word “denotationem,” meaning “indication.”

INDEX

.02

DERIVATION

DEFINITION

the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it (e.g., “hope” to “hopeful”). It is a major source of new words in a language. In historical linguistics, the derivation of a word is its history, or etymology.. GUIDE WORDS:

der·i·va·tion
\ ˌder-ə-ˈvā-shən , ˌde-rə- \
noun
plural (derivations)
from Latin derivationem, meaning "a leading off or turning away from."

INDEX

.02

DIALECT

DEFINITION

a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language GUIDE WORDS:

di·a·lect
\ ˈdī-ə-ˌlekt \
noun
plural (dialects)
from the Ancient Greek dialektos “discourse, language, dialect,” which is derived from dialegesthai “to discourse, talk.”

INDEX

.02

DIPTHONG

DEFINITION

a gliding speech sound (such as the vowel combination at the end of toy) that starts at or near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves to or toward the position of another GUIDE WORDS:

diph·thong
\ ˈdif-ˌthȯŋ , ˈdip- \
noun
plural (dipthongs)
from French diphtongue, via late Latin from Greek diphthongos, from di- ‘twice’ + phthongos ‘voice, sound’

INDEX

.02

DISCOURSE

DEFINITION

unit of language longer than a single sentence. GUIDE WORDS:

dis·course
\ ˈdi-ˌskȯrs , di-ˈskȯrs \
noun
plural (discourses)
from Old French discours, from Latin discursus ‘running to and fro’ (in medieval Latin ‘argument’), from the verb discurrere, from dis- ‘away’ + currere ‘to run’; the verb influenced by French discourir .

INDEX

.02

ENCODING

DEFINITION

the process of turning thoughts into communication. The encoder uses a 'medium' to send the message — a phone call, email, text message, face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool GUIDE WORDS:

en·code
\ in-ˈkōd , en- \
verb
plural (encodes)
from French and Old French en-, from Latin in- "in, into" (from PIE root *en "in")

the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B).the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B). GUIDE WORDS: entail

INDEX

.02

ENTAILMENT

DEFINITION

en·tail·ment
\ in-ˈtāl-mənt , en- \ \ in-ˈtāl-mənt , en- \
noun
plural (entailments)
from late Middle English (referring to settlement of property; formerly also as intail )late Middle English (referring to settlement of property; formerly also as intail )

INDEX

.02

ETHNOLINGUISTICS

DEFINITION

a study of the relations between linguistic and nonlinguistic cultural behaviora study of the relations between linguistic and nonlinguistic cultural behavior GUIDE WORDS:

eth·no·linguistics
[ eth-noh-ling-gwis-tiks ][ eth-noh-ling-gwis-tiks ]
noun
plural (ethnolinguistics)
-

INDEX

.02

EXTENSION

DEFINITION

extend a word's meaning according to the context and logical relations and select an exact word in the target language, extend a word's meaning according to the context and logical relations and select an exact word in the target language, GUIDE WORDS:

ex·ten·sion
\ ik-ˈsten(t)-shən \
noun
plural (extensions)
from the Latin word extendere, meaning “stretch out.”rom the Latin word extendere, meaning “stretch out.”

INDEX

.02

FUNCTIONAL

DEFINITION

an approach to the study of language characterized by taking systematically into account the speaker's and the hearer's side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community.an approach to the study of language characterized by taking systematically into account the speaker's and the hearer's side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community. GUIDE WORDS:

func·tion·al
\ ˈfəŋ(k)-shnəl , -shə-nᵊl \
adjective
plural (functionals)
from French fonction and directly from Latin functionem (nominative functio) "a performance, an execution,"

INDEX

.03

GRAMMAR

DEFINITION

the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics. GUIDE WORDS:

gram·mar
\ ˈgra-mər \
noun
plural (grammars)
from Old French gramaire, via Latin from Greek grammatikē (tekhnē) ‘(art) of letters’, from gramma, grammat- ‘letter of the alphabet, thing written’.

INDEX

.03

HOMONYM

DEFINITION

words that share the same spelling, regardless of pronunciation) or homophones (words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of spelling), or both. GUIDE WORDS:

hom·onym
\ ˈhä-mə-ˌnim , ˈhō- \
noun
plural (homonyms)
from the Greek ὁμώνυμος (homonymos), meaning "having the same name"from the Greek ὁμώνυμος (homonymos), meaning "having the same name"

INDEX

.03

HYPONYM

DEFINITION

hy·po·nym
[ hahy-puh-nim ]
noun
plural (hyponyms)
from Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + ὄνυμα (ónuma) ("appellation"), a Doric specific dialectal form of ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”).

a term used to designate a particular member of a broader class GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.03

IDIOM

DEFINITION

id·i·om
\ ˈi-dē-əm \
noun
plural (idioms)
from the Greek idios, which means personal.

an expression that cannot be understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has a separate meaning of its own GUIDE WORDS: idiomatic

INDEX

.03

INFLECTION

DEFINITION

the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case GUIDE WORDS:

in·flec·tion
\ in-ˈflek-shən \

noun
plural (inflections)
from the Latin inflectere, meaning "to bend."

INDEX

.03

INNATISM

DEFINITION

stated that the human brain is born with ideas and knowledge already pre-programmed into it and that certain aspects of language are already with us from the start. GUIDE WORDS: innatist

in·nat·ism
\ ə̇ˈnātˌizəm \

noun
plural (innatisms)
from Late Latin innatus "inborn, native, natural"

INDEX

.03

INTENTION

DEFINITION

any property or quality connoted by a word, phrase, or another symbol GUIDE WORDS:

in·ten·tion
\ in-ˈten(t)-shən \
noun
plural (intentions)
from Old French entencion, from Latin intentio(n- ) ‘stretching, purpose

INDEX

.03

INTERACTIONISM

DEFINITION

claims that if our language ability develops out of a desire to communicate, then language is dependent upon whom we want to communicate with.GUIDE WORDS: interaction

in·ter·ac·tion·ism
\ -shəˌnizəm \
noun
plural (interactionisms)
-

INDEX

.03

INTERJECTION

DEFINITION

a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. GUIDE WORDS:

in·ter·jec·tion
\ ˌin-tər-ˈjek-shən \
noun
plural (interjections)
from Latin interiectionem (nominative interiectio) "a throwing or placing between," rom Latin interiectionem (nominative interiectio) "a throwing or placing between,"

INDEX

LANGUAGE

DEFINITION

it is system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each other. GUIDE WORDS:

lan·guage
\ ˈlaŋ-gwij , -wij \
noun
plural (languages)
from Old French langage, based on Latin lingua ‘tongue’.

INDEX

LEXEME

DEFINITION

a meaningful linguistic unit that is an item in the vocabulary of a language GUIDE WORDS: lexemic

lex·eme
\ ˈlek-ˌsēm \
noun
plural (lexemes)
rom Ancient Greek λέξις (léxis, “word”) +‎ -eme, a suffix indicating a fundamental unit in some aspect of linguistic structure.

INDEX

LEXICAL

DEFINITION

lex·i·cal
\ ˈlek-si-kəl \
adjective
plural (lexicons)
from Greek lexikos ‘of words’ (from lexis ‘word’) + -al.

of or relating to words or the vocabulary of a language as distinguished from its grammar and construction GUIDE WORDS: lexicon

INDEX

LINGUISTIC

DEFINITION

it is the scientific study of language. It encompasses the analysis of every aspect of language, as well as the methods for studying and modelling them. GUIDE WORDS:

lin·guis·tic
\ liŋ-ˈgwi-stik \
adjective
plural (linguistics)
from the Latin word "lingua" meaning tongue

INDEX

.05

MESSAGE

DEFINITION

a communication containing some information, news, advice, request, or the like, sent by messenger, telephone, email, or other means.a communication containing some information, news, advice, request, or the like, sent by messenger, telephone, email, or other means. GUIDE WORDS:

mes·sage
\ ˈme-sij
noun

plural (messages)
from Old French, based on Latin missus, past participle of mittere ‘send’

INDEX

.05

MONOCENTRIC

DEFINITION

having a single centromere GUIDE WORDS:

mono·cen·tric
\ -ˈsen-trik \
adjective

plural (monocentrics)
From mono- + -centric, after German †monocentrisch.

INDEX

.05

MORPHEME

DEFINITION

a distinctive collocation of phonemes (such as the free form pin or the bound form -s of pins) having no smaller meaningful parts GUIDE WORDS: morphemic; morphemically

mor·pheme
\ ˈmȯr-ˌfēm \
noun

plural (morphemes)
from French morphème, which was itself created from the Greek root morphē, meaning "form."

INDEX

.05

MORPHOLOGY

DEFINITION

mor·phol·o·gy
\ mȯr-ˈfä-lə-jē \
noun

plural (morphologies)
from Greek and is a makeup of morph- meaning 'shape, form', and -ology which means 'the study of something'.

the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study today. GUIDE WORDS: morphologically; morphologist

INDEX

.05

NOUN

DEFINITION

noun
\ ˈnau̇n \
noun

plural (nouns)
from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman noun.

a word that is the name of something (such as a person, animal, place, thing, quality, idea, or action) and is typically used in a sentence as subject or object of a verb or as object of a preposition GUIDE WORDS: morphemic; morphemically

INDEX

.05

NOUN

DEFINITION

noun
\ ˈnau̇n \
noun

plural (nouns)
from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman noun.

INDEX

.06

PARAGRAPH

DEFINITION

a part of a piece of writing that usually deals with one subject, that begins on a new line, and that is made up of one or more sentences GUIDE WORDS: paragraphed; paragraphing; paragraphs

par·a·graph
\ ˈper-ə-ˌgraf , ˈpa-rə- \
noun
plural (paragraphs)
from Ancient Greek παράγραφος (parágraphos) 'to write beside')

INDEX

.06

PHONE

DEFINITION

a unit of speech sound. it may also refer to any speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language. GUIDE WORDS:

phone
\ ˈfōn \
noun
plural (phones)
from Greek phōnē "sound, voice"

INDEX

.06

PHONETICS

DEFINITION

pho·net·ics
\ fə-ˈne-tiks \
noun
plural (phonetics')
from modern Latin phoneticus, from Greek phōnētikos, from phōnein ‘speak’.

the system of speech sounds of a language or group of languagesthe system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.06

PHONEME

DEFINITION

any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (such as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language GUIDE WORDS:

pho·neme
\ ˈfō-ˌnēm \
noun
plural (phonemes)
from the French phonème, which came from the Greek phōnēma, "a sound made."

INDEX

.06

PHRASE

DEFINITION

a group of words which act together as a grammatical unit. GUIDE WORDS: phrased; phrasing

phrase
\ ˈfrāz \
noun
plural (phrases)
from Late Latin phrasis "diction," from Greek phrasis "speech, way of speaking, enunciation, phraseology,

INDEX

.06

PLURAL

DEFINITION

of, relating to, or constituting a class of grammatical forms usually used to denote more than one or in some languages more than two GUIDE WORDS: plural; plurally

plu·ral
\ ˈplu̇r-əl \
adjective
plural (plurals)
from the Old French plurel meaning "more than one,"

INDEX

.06

PLURICENTRIC

DEFINITION

A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries. GUIDE WORDS:

pluri·centric
/ˌplʊəɹɪˈsɛntɹɪk/,
adjective
plural (pluricentric)
-

INDEX

.06

POSSESSIVE

DEFINITION

A possessive noun is a noun that shows possession or belonging.. GUIDE WORDS:

pos·ses·sive
\ pə-ˈze-siv also -ˈse- \
adjective
plural (possessives)
-

INDEX

.06

PRAGMALINGUISTICS

DEFINITION

refers to the knowledge of the strategies for realizing speech intentions and the linguistic items used to express these intentions, whereas the term “sociopragmatics” refers to the knowledge of the social conditions governing language use. GUIDE WORDS:

prag·ma·linguistics
/ˌpraɡməlɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/
adjective
plural (possessives)
-

INDEX

.06

PRAGMATIC

DEFINITION

dealing with the problems that exist in a specific situation in a reasonable and logical way instead of depending on ideas and theories GUIDE WORDS: pragmatic; pragmatically

prag·mat·ic
\ prag-ˈma-tik \
adjective
plural (pragmatics)
from the Greek pragma (“action,” or “affair”).

INDEX

.06

PREFIX

DEFINITION

pre·fix
/ˈpɹiːfɪks/
verb
plural (prefixes)
made up of the stem fix (meaning "attach", in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning "before"), both of which are derived from Latin roots.

to add a letter, number, or symbol at the beginning of a word or number GUIDE WORDS: prefixal

INDEX

.06

PREPOSITION

DEFINITION

prep·o·si·tion
\ ˌpre-pə-ˈzi-shən \
noun
plural (prepositions)
from Latin: prae- prefix (pre- prefix) ("before") and Latin: ponere ("to put").

a word or group of words that is used with a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object GUIDE WORDS: prepositional; prepositionally

INDEX

.06

PRONOUN

DEFINITION

pro·noun
\ ˈprō-ˌnau̇n \
noun
plural (pronouns)
from the Latin prōnōmen, which is made from pro-, which is used to indicate substitution, and nomen, meaning “name.”

a word (such as I, he, she, you, it, we, or they) that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.06

PRONUNCIATION

DEFINITION

pro·nun·ci·a·tion
\ prə-ˌnən(t)-sē-ˈā-shən\
noun
plural (pronunciations)

from Latin root pronuntiationem, which means “act of speaking” or "a proclamation.”

the way in which a word or name is pronounced GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.06

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

DEFINITION

psy·cho·lin·guis·tics
\ ˌsī-kō-liŋ-ˈgwi-stiks \
noun
plural (psycholinguistics)

the study of the mental faculties involved in the perception, production, and acquisition of language GUIDE WORDS: psycholinguist

INDEX

.06

PUNISHMENT

DEFINITION

pun·ish·ment
\ ˈpə-nish-mənt \
noun
plural (psycholinguistics)

from Latin root of punishment and its related verb, punish, is punire, "punish, correct, take vengeance for, or cause pain for some offense."

the act of punshing (someone) GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.06

RECEIVER

DEFINITION

re·ceiv·er
\ ri-ˈsē-vər \
noun
plural (receivers)

from Latin receptor, agent noun from recipere

the listener, reader, or observer—that is, the individual (or the group of individuals) to whom a message is directed. The receiver is also called the "audience" or decoder. GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.06

REINFORCEMENT

DEFINITION

re·in·force·ment
\ ˌrē-ən-ˈfȯrs-mənt \
noun
plural (reinforcements)

from French renforcer, influenced by inforce, an obsolete spelling of enforce; the sense of providing military support is probably from Italian rinforzare

the listener, reader, or observer—that is, the individual (or the group of individuals) to whom a message is directed. The receiver is also called the "audience" or decoder. GUIDE WORDS:

INDEX

.07

SEMANTICS

DEFINITION

the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language GUIDE WORDS:

se·man·tics
\ si-ˈman-tiks \
noun
plural (semantics)
from Greek: semantikos means "significant," and comes from semainein "to show, signify, indicate by a sign.

INDEX

.07

SENDER

DEFINITION

someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel. The sender is the initiator of communication GUIDE WORDS: send;sent

sen·der
\ ˈsend-ər\
noun
plural (sender)
in climbing slang in the 1990s and possibly inspired by the notion of sending as “delivering” on a promise

INDEX

.07

SENTENCE

DEFINITION

a group of words that expresses a statement, question, command, or wish GUIDE WORDS:

sen·tence
\ ˈsen-tᵊn(t)s , -tᵊnz \
noun
plural (sentences)
from Latin sententia ‘opinion’, from sentire ‘feel, be of the opinion’

INDEX

.07

SINGULAR

DEFINITION

The word "singular" denotes a quantity of one. " (e.g one subject in every sentence GUIDE WORDS:

sin·gu·lar
\ ˈsiŋ-gyə-lər \
adjective
plural (-)
from Old French singuler "personal "single, solitary, one by one, one at a time; peculiar, remarkable," from singulus "one, one to each, individual

INDEX

.07

SOCIOLINGUISTIC

DEFINITION

the study of the sociological aspects of language. The discipline concerns itself with the part language plays in maintaining the social roles in a community. GUIDE WORDS:

so·cio·lin·guis·tic
\ ˌsō-sē-ō-liŋ-ˈgwi-stik , ˌsō-shē- \
adjective
plural (sociolinguistics)
The first attested use of the term sociolinguistics was by Thomas Callan Hodson in the title of his 1939 article "Sociolinguistics in India" published in Man in India.

INDEX

.07

SOCIOPRAGMATICS

DEFINITION

The aspect of language use that relates to everyday social practices. GUIDE WORDS:

so·cio·prag·ma·tics
\ ˌsō-sē-ō-prug-ˈmē-tiks \
adjective
plural (sociopragmatics)
term 'sociopragmatics'1 was coined by Leech to describe (the study of) the ways in which pragmatic meanings reflect 'specific “local” conditions on language use'

INDEX

.07

SPEECH

DEFINITION

a spoken expression of ideas, opinions, etc., that is made by someone who is speaking in front of a group of people GUIDE WORDS:

speech
\ ˈspēch \
noun

plural (speeches)
from Old English 'sprǣc' and 'spǣc'; akin to Old English 'sprecan' to 'speak'.

INDEX

.07

STRUCTURE

DEFINITION

the way that something (words,phrases) is built, arranged, or organized GUIDE WORDS: structural

struc·ture
\ ˈstrək-chər \
noun

plural (structures)
from the Latin word structura which means "a fitting together, building."

INDEX

.07

STYLISTIC

DEFINITION

a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts of all types and/or spoken language in regard to their linguistic and tonal style, where style is the particular variety of language used by different individuals and/or in different situations or settings GUIDE WORDS:

sty·lis·tic
\ stī-ˈli-stik \
adjective

plural (stylistics)
from the late-19th- and early-20th-century Russian formalist approach to literary meaning,

.07

SUBJECT

DEFINITION

a grammatical relation that exhibits certain independent syntactic properties GUIDE WORDS: subjectless; subjection

sub·ject
\ ˈsəb-jikt , -(ˌ)jekt \
noun

plural (subject)
from Middle English (in the sense ‘(person) owing obedience’

INDEX

.07

SUFFIX

DEFINITION

a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to change its meaning or to form a different word GUIDE WORDS: suffixal; suffixation

suf·fix
\ ˈsə-fiks \

noun

plural (suffixes)
from the Latin verb suffīgere, which means “to attach on top of.

INDEX

.07

SUPERLATIVE

DEFINITION

of or relating to the form of an adjective or adverb that is used to indicate the greatest degree of a particular quality GUIDE WORDS: superlatively; superlativeness

su·per·la·tive
\ su̇-ˈpər-lə-tiv \

adjectives

plural (superlatives)
from Old French superlatif "absolute, highest; powerful; best"

INDEX

.07

SYNONYM

DEFINITION

a word that has the same meaning as another word in the same language GUIDE WORDS: synomic; synonymity

syn·o·nym
\ ˈsi-nə-ˌnim \

noun

plural (synonyms)
from the Greek “syn” and “onym,” which mean “together” and “name,” respectively.

INDEX

.07

SYNTACTIC

DEFINITION

of or relating to the form of an adjective or adverb that is used to indicate the greatest degree of a particular quality GUIDE WORDS: superlatively; superlativeness

syn·tac·tic
\ sin-ˈtak-tik \

adjective

plural (syntactics)

From Greek σύνταξις (suntaksis, “a joining together, syntax" );

INDEX

.07

SYNTAX

DEFINITION

the way in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences GUIDE WORDS:

syn·tax
\ ˈsin-ˌtaks \

noun

plural (syntaxes)

from the Ancient Greek for “coordination” or “ordering together.”

INDEX

.07

TENSE

DEFINITION

a category that expresses (grammaticalizes) time reference; namely one which, using grammatical means, places a state or action in time category that expresses (grammaticalizes) time reference; namely one which, using grammatical means, places a state or action in time GUIDE WORDS: tenser; tensest

tense
\ ˈten(t)s \

adjective

plural (tenses)

from Old French tens "time" (spelled temps in modern French through deliberate archaization), from Latin tempus, "time"

INDEX

.07

THEORY

DEFINITION

an idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven to be true GUIDE WORDS:

the·o·ry
\ ˈthē-ə-rē , ˈthir-ē \

noun

plural (theories)

from the Greek theoria, which means "contemplation or speculation."

INDEX

.07

UNIT

DEFINITION

one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed. language unit. discourse - extended verbal expression in speech or writing. GUIDE WORDS:

unit
\ ˈyü-nət \

noun

plural (units)

from Anglo-French unite, Old French unite "uniqueness

INDEX

.07

UTTERANCE

DEFINITION

the smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pausethe smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause GUIDE WORDS:

ut·ter·ance
\ ˈə-tə-rən(t)s also ˈə-trən(t)s \

noun

plural (utterances)

from Middle Dutch uteren or Middle Low German utern "to turn out, show, speak," from uter "outer," comparative adjective from ut "out"

INDEX

.08

VERB

DEFINITION

a word (such as jump, think, happen, or exist) that is usually one of the main parts of a sentence and that expresses an action, an occurrence, or a state of being GUIDE WORDS: verbed' verbing

verb
\ ˈvərb \

noun

plural (verbs)

from *were-, a Proto-Indo-European word meaning "a word".

INDEX

.08

VOWEL

DEFINITION

a letter or other symbol representing a vowel —usually used in English of a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y GUIDE WORDS:

vow·el
\ ˈvau̇(-ə)l \

noun

plural (vowels)

from the Latin vox, meaning “voice.

INDEX

.08

100

WORD

DEFINITION

a sound or combination of sounds that has a meaning and is spoken or written GUIDE WORDS:

word
\ ˈwərd \

noun

plural (words)

from Proto-Germanic *wurda- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian word, Dutch woord, Old High German, German wort, Old Norse orð, Gothic waurd),

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