MODULE 5 PRESENTATION

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MODULE 5: Culture and Ethics, Cultural Relativism, The Stages of Moral Development and Cultural Impact

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Reporting

Introduction

Culture

index

Perspectives in Understanding Culture and Norms

Four levels described by Gelfand's team

Culture and Ethics

Culture and Norms

Assessment or Quiz

Quotation

Question & Answer

REPORTERS

STEFANI

KATE

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LILIBETH

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CULTURE

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts. The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture.

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CULTURE AND NORMS

NORMS

Cultural norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups. They are the shared expectations and rules that guide people's behavior within social groups. Cultural norms are learned and reinforced from parents, friends, teachers, and others while growing up in society.

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2 Types of Cultural Norms

2. Mores

1. Folkways

Which are behaviors that are right or wrong, don't kill people, don't steal, etc.

These are norms related to everyday life— for instance, eating with silverware, getting up in the morning and going to work or school .

FOUR LEVELS DESCRIBED BY GELFANd'S TEAM

“Differences between tight and loose cultures.”

1. Loose Nations

2. Tight Nations

Those with relaxed social norms and fewer rules and restrictions.

Those with stricter rules and restrictions and harsher disciplinary measures.

1. Ecological & Historical ThreatsHostile neighbors, disease, and dense populations increase the need for coordinated and disciplined action from the population. More factors like these tighten the cultural norms. As the threats diminish, cultures loosen up.2. Socio-Political InstitutionsCulturally tight nations tend to have more autocratic governments, restricted media, stronger suppression of dissent, and more severe punishments for crime.

3. Everyday Social SituationsAll kinds of interactions with fellow members of the culture are more formal in nations with tight cultural norms. These include situations at home, the workplace, school, places of worship, parks, and others. Loose cultures provide more room for individual discretion in such situations. A wider range of behavior is counted “appropriate.”4. Psychological AdaptationsPeople’s minds become attuned to the different requirements of living in places with tight or loose cultural norms. Individual psychology then further supports the level of cultural tightness or looseness. People living in tight cultures become more focused on avoiding mistakes. They are more cautious in their own behavior, and more closely monitor themselves and others for norm violations.

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CULTURE AND ETHICS

CULTURE AND ETHICS

This is where culture intersects with ethics. Since interpretations of what is moral are influenced by cultural norms, the possibility exists that what is ethical to one group will not be considered so by someone living in a different culture. According to cultural relativists this means that there is no singular truth on which to base ethical or moral behavior for all time and geographic space, as our interpretations of truths are influenced by our own culture.

ETHICS

Discipline dealing with what is good or bad with moral duty and obligation.

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PERSPECTIVES IN UNDERSTANDING CULTURE AND NORMS

MORAL ABSOLUTISM

Context wouldn’t be a consideration. It would never be okay to lie, no matter what the context of that lie was.

Moral absolutism is the belief there are universal ethical standards that apply to every situation. Where someone would hem and haw over when, why, and to whom they’d lie, a moral absolutist wouldn’t care.

MORAL RELATIVISM

According to moral relativism, two people from different situations could disagree on whether an action is right or wrong, and they would both be right. What they consider right or wrong differ according to their contexts, and both should be accepted as valid.

Moral relativism can be understood in several ways:

• Descriptive moral relativism, also known as cultural relativism, says that moral standards are culturally defined, which is generally true.
• Meta-ethical moral relativism states that there are no objective grounds for preferring the moral values of one culture over another.

• Normative moral relativism is the idea that all societies should accept each others differing moral values, given that there are no universal moral principles.

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QUESTION & ANSWER

Quiz/Assessment

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The beauty of the world lies in the diversity of its people.

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Resources

• https://www.dreamstime.com/norms-complex-like-puzzle-pictured-as-word-norms-puzzle-pieces-to-show-norms-can-be-difficult-needs-cooperating-image164220486

• https://www.convoconnection.com/blog/how-small-daily-interactions-can-help-overcome-loneliness

• https://fee.org/articles/legal-and-illegal-is-not-right-and-wrong/

• https://grammartop.com/loose-synonyms/

• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/16607092355248889/

• https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1197754

• https://www.ache.org/about-ache/our-story/our-commitments/ethics

• https://www.scu.edu/mobi/resources--tools/blog-posts/ethics-in-life-and-business/ethics-in-life-and-business.html