AP Bio Unit 3 Review

Unit 3 Review

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 8: Intro to Metabolism

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

Chapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants

An Intro to Metabolism

Free Energy and Metabolism

Types of Cellular Work

Laws of Thermodynamics

Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Steps of Cellular Respiration

Fermentation

Redox Reactions

Photosynthesis

Photo Gallery

Light Reactions

Calvin Cycle

Electron Flow

Click on a word to see the picture!

Chloroplast

Photosystem

Photosynthesis Summary

Leaf Tissue

Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts vs. Mitochondria

Light Reactions

Light excites the electrons in the chlorophyll within each photosystem and the ETC forms a proton gradient that makes ATP with ATP Synthase. NADP+ is reduced by NADP+ reductase.

Location: Thylakoid Membrane

Outputs

Inputs

• Photons
• H2O
• NADP+
• ADP + Pi

• O2
• NADPH
• ATP

Calvin Cycle

Location: Stroma of Chloroplast

How many CO2 molecules are needed to produce one molecule of glucose?

Outputs

Inputs

• CO2
• NADPH
• ATP

• G3P
• NADP+
• ADP + Pi

Linear Electron Flow:

electrons flow through BOTH photosystems, generates ATP and NADPH

Cyclic Electron Flow:

electrons flow through photosystem I ONLY, generates ATP but NOT NADPH

Transport in Vascular Plants

Movement of Water

Stomatal Opening

Transpiration Rates

Movement of Water

Cell to Cell= DIFFUSION

through plasmodesmata

Root to Shoot= BULK TRANSPORT

through xylem and phloem

Factors that Affect Stomatal Opening

• Light
• CO2 Depletion
• Circadian/Circannual Rhythm

Light --->

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Wind ---->

Factors that Affect the Rate of Transpiration

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Increase Temp -->

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Humidity -->

Catabolic Reactions

• Complex--> Simple Molecules
• Exergonic
• Change in G is negative (releases free energy)
• Occurs spontaneously/is energetically favorable

Equation for Change in G (click)

Anabolic Reactions

• Simple-->Complex Molecules
• Endergonic
• Change in G is positive (absorbs free energy from surroundings)
• Doesn't occur spontaneously/is NOT energetically favorable

First Law of Thermodynamics:

• The energy of the universe is constant
• Principle of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

• Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Chemical Work:

pushing of endergonic reactions that would NOT occur spontaneously

Transport Work:

the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

Mechanical Work:

contraction of muscle (the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes)

High Temp -->

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Low Temp -->

Extreme pH -->

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[Increased Enzyme] -->

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[Increased Substrate] -->

Inhibitors

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Inhibitors -->

Competitive:

bind to active site

NonCompetitive:

bind to allosteric site

Oxidized= loses e-

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration=???

General Equation

Reduced= gains e-

The Steps of Cellular Respiration

Krebs Cycle

Glycolysis

Oxy Phosphorylation

In the Cytosol

Fermentation= w/o O2 (only the step of glycolysis)

Alcoholic Fermentation

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

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Glycolysis

"splitting sugar"

Occurs in the Cytosol

OUTPUTS

INPUTS

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Energy Investment Phase

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SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

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Energy Payoff Phase

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Net Yield: 2 ATP + 2 NADH

The Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

Occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix

OUTPUTS

INPUTS

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SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

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Net Yield: 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron Transport Chain

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Chemiosmosis

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Occurs in the Cristae

ATP Synthase pumps

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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

down to spin a turbine and provide energy to create ATP from ADP + Pi

Net Yield: 30-34 ATP