George Yule
language history and change
Let's start!
pHILOLOGY
THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE HISTORY AND CHANGE
FAMILY TREES
SHOW HOW LANGUAGES WERE RELATED
Sir William Jones
FAMILY
CONNECTIONS
Are close similarities which occur especially in the probable pronunciations of words
COGNATES
It is a word that in another language has a similar form and is or was used with a similar meaning
+ info
COMPARATIVE RECONSTRUCTION
The aim of this procedure is to reconstruct what must have been the original or proto formo in the common ancestral language
It is operated on the basis of two general principles:
- Majority Principle
- The most natural development
SOUND RECONSTRUCTION
IT IS ABOUT TO DECIDE WHAT WAS THE MOST LIKELY FORM OF THE INITIAL SOUND WITHIN THE ORIGINAL SOURCE
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
OLD ENGLISH
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
(1500 to 1700)
(BEFORE 1100)
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MODERN ENGLISH
(after 1700)
(1100 to 1500)
Group of tribes
From northern Europe; they moved into the British Isles
+ info
+ info
Norman Conquest
The event marks the end of the Old English period
+ info
GREAT VOWEL SHIFT
Substancial change in the sound of English, affecting the long vowels of English
SOUND CHANGES
hlud-> loud
sounds that dissapeared from the pronunciation of certain words
frist-> first
involves a reversal in position of two sounds in a word
spinel -> spindle
involves the addition of a soud to the midde of the word
schola -> escuela
+ info
involves the addition of sound to the beginning of a word
SYNTACTIC CHANGES
WORD ORDER
*ferde he *he hine geseah *him ne sealde
Semantic changes
The meaning of a word gets broader to incorporate more referents
For instance: dogge used to refer to a specific breed of dog
The meaning of a term narrows to have fewer possible referents
For example: hund once used for any kind of dog, but now hound is used fo soome specific breeds
A lexical term may undergo a shift in a meaning
DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC VARIATION
the study of language as it change through the time
DIACHRONIC:
differences in one language in different places and among different groups at the same time
SYNCHRONIC:
¡Thank you!
Students:
- Borquez, Camila
- Lobo, Noelia
- Lòpez, Lourdes
Language History and Change
Lourdes López
Created on October 31, 2021
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Transcript
George Yule
language history and change
Let's start!
pHILOLOGY
THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE HISTORY AND CHANGE
FAMILY TREES
SHOW HOW LANGUAGES WERE RELATED
Sir William Jones
FAMILY
CONNECTIONS
Are close similarities which occur especially in the probable pronunciations of words
COGNATES
It is a word that in another language has a similar form and is or was used with a similar meaning
+ info
COMPARATIVE RECONSTRUCTION
The aim of this procedure is to reconstruct what must have been the original or proto formo in the common ancestral language
It is operated on the basis of two general principles:
SOUND RECONSTRUCTION
IT IS ABOUT TO DECIDE WHAT WAS THE MOST LIKELY FORM OF THE INITIAL SOUND WITHIN THE ORIGINAL SOURCE
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
OLD ENGLISH
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
(1500 to 1700)
(BEFORE 1100)
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MODERN ENGLISH
(after 1700)
(1100 to 1500)
Group of tribes
From northern Europe; they moved into the British Isles
+ info
+ info
Norman Conquest
The event marks the end of the Old English period
+ info
GREAT VOWEL SHIFT
Substancial change in the sound of English, affecting the long vowels of English
SOUND CHANGES
hlud-> loud
sounds that dissapeared from the pronunciation of certain words
frist-> first
involves a reversal in position of two sounds in a word
spinel -> spindle
involves the addition of a soud to the midde of the word
schola -> escuela
+ info
involves the addition of sound to the beginning of a word
SYNTACTIC CHANGES
WORD ORDER
*ferde he *he hine geseah *him ne sealde
Semantic changes
The meaning of a word gets broader to incorporate more referents
For instance: dogge used to refer to a specific breed of dog
The meaning of a term narrows to have fewer possible referents
For example: hund once used for any kind of dog, but now hound is used fo soome specific breeds
A lexical term may undergo a shift in a meaning
DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC VARIATION
the study of language as it change through the time
DIACHRONIC:
differences in one language in different places and among different groups at the same time
SYNCHRONIC:
¡Thank you!
Students: