GENDER DEVELOPMENT

GENDER

DEVELOPMENT

Start

Index

01

WORK

02

POVERTY

03

FAMILY

04

SPORTS

01

WHAT IS

GENDER DEVELOPMENT

GENDER DEVELOPMENT

The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act No. 9710) defines Gender and Development Program (GAD)as the development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials. It seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental value that should be reflected in development choices and contends that women are active agents of development, not just passive recipients of development.

MEN

EQUITY

EQUALITY

WOMEN

https://www.gsis.gov.ph/gad/

GAD focuses on Gender Mainstreaming or a strategy for: Making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies, programs and projects in all social, political, civil, and economic spheres so that women and men benefit equally. Assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs in all areas and at all levels.

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02

WORK

WOMEN AND THE ECONOMY:WOMEN AND WORK

Work is often understood as livelihood. It is seen as a survival mechanism for many as work provides money necessary to buy goods for a person to live. While both men and women have problems concerning work, women have specific labor issues related to their gender. Moreover, women’s work is often invisibilized due to their socialized gender roles.

In the context of the world of work, equality between women and men includes the following elements:

Equality of opportunity and treatment in employment Equal remuneration for work of equal value Equal access to safe and healthy working environments and to social security Equality in association and collective bargaining Equality in obtaining meaningful career development A balance between work and home life that is fair to both women and men Equal participation in decision-making at all levels

• There are fewer women than men at work, and most women only work in one sector. The type of work women are engaged in is also difficult to comprehend. Despite women contributing to all aspects of the economy, they often participate in “vulnerable employment” or work in their own account.

2015 UN World’s Women Report

Women working in home-based employment are at risk for unemployment and maltreatment. Women who work in the public sphere are delegated to the service sector, such as education, social work, health care, and domestic work in private households. This phenomenon is called the occupational segregation of women.

Women also experience pay gap- they are paid less than what men receive for doing the same work, across all sectors and occupations. Specifically, women earn 70%-90% of what men earn in most countries. Due to the socialized gender roles between the two, women also work an average of two more hours than men a day due to their productive work at home or housework. The sharing of unpaid work at home is also an issue as family responsibilities may get in the way of women’s career advancement.

While many issues concerning women and work have yet to be addressed, some issues have gained ground, such as maternity and paternity leaves.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION AT WORK

• Workplace gender discrimination comes in many different forms, but generally it means that an employee or a job applicant is treated differently or less favorably because of their sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation.

• Sometimes workers experience discrimination because of their gender and something else, like their race or ethnicity. For example, a woman of color may experience discrimination in the workplace differently from a white female co-worker. She may be harassed, paid less, evaluated more harshly, or passed over for promotion because of the combination of her gender and her race.

EXAMPLES;

• not being hired, or being given a lower-paying position because of your gender identity or sexual orientation (for example, when an employer refuses to hire women, or only hires women for certain jobs)

• being held to different or higher standards, or being evaluated more harshly, because of your gender identity, or because you don’t act or present yourself in a way that conforms to traditional ideas of femininity or masculinity

• being paid less than a person of a different gender or sexual orientation who is similarly or less qualified than you, or who has similar (or fewer) job duties than you

• being denied a promotion, pay raise, or training opportunity that is given to people of another gender identity or sexual orientation who are equally or less qualified or eligible as you

TERMS

Occupational Gender Segregation: whereby women and men tend to be employed in different occupations (horizontal segregation) and at different levels, grades or positions of seniority (vertical segregation)—is a key factor in women’s socioeconomic disadvantage. It is prevalent in both formal and informal employment. Gender Pay Gap: differences in pay are caused by occupational segregation and the difference between the average earnings of men and women (ILO, 2007). (With more men in higher paid industries and women in lower paid industries.) Glass Ceilings’ and ‘Sticky Floors: The largest gender pay gaps are usually found at the top of the wage distribution—the ‘glass ceiling’ for highly skilled women workers—and at the bottom—the ‘sticky floor’ for women working in the lowest paid jobs. As a corollary, gender pay gaps tend to be larger in countries where the overall distribution of wages is more unequal. Inequality Regimes: Inequality regimes are the interlocked practices and processes that result in continuing inequalities in all work organizations. Work organizations are critical locations for the investigation of the continuous creation of complex inequalities because much societal inequality originates in such organizations.

2014 MEDIAN WEEKLY SALARY AND PERCENTAGES OF WOMEN IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES BY GENDER AND RACE/ETHNIC GROUP

2014 MEDIAN WEEKLY SALARY AND PERCENTAGES OF WOMEN IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES BY GENDER AND RACE/ETHNIC GROUP

2014 MEDIAN WEEKLY SALARY AND PERCENTAGES OF WOMEN IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES BY GENDER AND RACE/ETHNIC GROUP

POVERTY

Women, Work and Poverty

Women as a social class are the fifth poorest as, 15.6% of women are classified as poor in 2015. The 2015 beijing platform for action(BPFA) +20 NGO report of the University of the Philippines center for women students confirms that women still to face issues at work today as they did 10 yrs. Ago. Issues such as poverty and lack of decent work opportunities still affect both women and men.

Women are the majority of the poor due to cultural norms and values, gendered division of assets, and power dynamics between men and women. Women bear an unequal burden of unpaid domestic responsibilities and are overrepresented in informal and precarious jobs. Women also possess inherent agency and knowledge that is overlooked by policy-makers as they form and implement poverty reduction plans. Development interventions continue to be based on the idea that men are breadwinners and women are dependents. Women constitute a majority of the poor and are often the poorest of the poor.

Girls and women in poor households bear a disproportionate share of the work and responsibility of feeding and caring for family members through unpaid household work. In poor rural households, for example, women’s work is dominated by activities such as firewood, water and fodder collection, care of livestock and subsistence agriculture. The drudgery of women’s work and its time-intensive demands contribute to women’s “time poverty” and greatly limit poor women’s choice of other, more productive income-earning opportunities. Faced with difficult time-allocation choices, women in poor households will often sacrifice their own health and nutrition, or the education of their daughters, by recruiting them to take care of siblings or share in other household tasks.

WOMEN'S EXPERIENCE OF POVERTY

Women also experience gender biases in the Philippines such as:

Limited career choices Lack of support facilities Sexual harassment Lack of protection for the informal sector and domestic workers Tenuous social protection Limited monitoring on labor standards And unremitting promotion of labor export policy

Why Focus on Women in Poverty?

Women are economic actors: They produce and process food for the family; they are the primary caretakers of children, the elderly and the sick; and their income and labor are directed toward children’s education, health and wellbeing. In fact, there is incontrovertible evidence from a number of studies conducted during the 1980s that mothers typically spend their income on food and health care for children, which is in sharp contrast to men, who spend a higher proportion of their income for personal needs. A study conducted in Brazil, for example, found that the positive effect on the probability that a child will survive in urban Brazil is almost 20 times greater when the household income is controlled by a woman rather than by a man (Quisumbing et al., 1995).

Performing Third World Poverty Racialized femininities in sex work Kimberly Hoang

Despite this, policies and programs that are based on notions of a typical household as consisting of a male breadwinner and dependent women and children often target men for the provision of productive resources and services. Addressing these gender biases and inequalities by intentionally investing in women as economic agents, and doing so within a framework of rights that ensures that women’s access to and control over productive resources is a part of their entitlement as citizens, is an effective and efficient poverty reduction strategy.

Over the last two decades the issue of human trafficking has captivated governments, NGOs, researchers, and activists around the world. Images of women in handcuffs and chains circulate through print, television, and online outlets, perpetuating a view of trafficked women as victim of third world poverty who are kidnapped, sold, or forced into sex workers. In recent year, sex abolitionist examined the lives of women into sex trade. Their work fueled a worldwide explosion of representation of third world women as victims routinely bought and sold to fulfill male sex desires. This effort sensationalized poor third world women as victims while making heroes of those who studied them and work to save them. In addition, abolitionist assert that in order to end human trafficking we need to eliminate the demand side of equation. These research depict male sex patrons as predators who brutalize poor third world women.

Following the work of Brennan(2004),Mahdavi(2011) and Parrenas(2011) analyzing the complex social structures that shape the range of choices available to women in their relationships with clients, club owners, and brokers.by performing third world poverty, sex workers who freely entered the sex industry portrayed themselves as victims to procure large remittances from their male clients. The issue of human trafficking has become a topic of great interest around the world. Through in Depth-Ethnography, Rather they made conscious choices to sell sex because the saw factory work and services work as more exploitative forms of labor. This is not to say that trafficking does not occur, or women are not subject to forms of indentured mobility. Rather it suggests that the story involves greater complexity than the representations of NGOs might suggest. Indeed, women capitalized on images of victimized women and on Vietnams rapid economic restructuring by performing the third world poverty to get money from their clients. Some clients played into this stories because it allowed them to preserve a sense of masculinity lost back at home.

FAMILY

LIFE

Family

• It one of the influential contexts of gender socialization in childhood; therefore, parents function as the first source of social learning.

• In the perspective of social learning theory (Bandura, 1977), parents are models for gendered behaviour and stereotypes through their behaviours, occupations, and interest, as noted by Bussey & Bandura (1999), “models exemplify activities considered appropriate for the two sexes.”

• Children can learn gender stereotypes from observing the differential performances of male and female models”.

• In other words, gender messages can be indirectly transmitted by parents as children observe their behaviours.

For example, children may learn that man and women act differently in playing gender roles, i.e. labour force, housework, child care, or family management (McHale et al., 2003).

Social aspects, including parents, are likely to influence the development of gender identity. As parents' actions and behaviours convey meaning to their children, they contribute to the formation of children's gender identity development.

Gender within families:Fathering and mothering

As Connell (1992, 1995) argues, the organization of gender relations is central to the practice of masculinity. When employed, wives challenge the neotraditional model of masculinity, or as Griswold (1993, 220) puts it, "Women's [paid] work, in short, has destroyed the old assumptions about fatherhood and required new negotiations of gender relations."Research has shown that fathers are likely to be somewhat more involved in parenting when their wives are employed Moreover, fathers’ child care and work time correlates with the employment schedules of mothers (Bianchi, Robinson, and Milkie 2006: Brayfield 1995). Coltrane (2000) argues that the employment schedules of wives and husbands are perhaps the most consistent and important predictors of domestic sharing that researchers have documented. Furthermore, researchers find that when wives have higher relative earnings, or when the gap between husbands and wives earnings is lower, the gendered gap in the division of domestic labor is reduced (Cooke 2007).

The Parenting Gender Gap: The Different Ways Men and Women Parent

Several ways that men and women tend to differ when it comes to parenting, and why it matters for children

vs

Details

The Big Picture

According to author of Strong Fathers, Strong Daughters, Dr. Meg Meeker, "Dads approach parenting with different priorities than we mothers do. They tend to care less about dress, eating habits, and other details. Instead, dads tend to want to play with kids more and challenge them more, and this can help kids gain confidence."

This might not always be true, but it does speak to the stereotypical strengths of men and women both personally and professionally. Women are known to be strong, detail-oriented multi-taskers, where men tend to dominate leadership roles, build morale, and think about parenting from a big picture perspective.This might not always be true, but it does speak to the stereotypical strengths of men and women both personally and professionally. Women are known to be strong, detail-oriented multi-taskers, where men tend to dominate leadership roles, build morale, and think about parenting from a big picture perspective. This may be why moms focus on the everyday details, like scheduling and chores, while dads act as both buddies and authoritarians -- roles that build character and confidence.This may be why moms focus on the everyday details, like scheduling and chores, while dads act as both buddies and authoritarians -- roles that build character and confidence.

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Competition

Equity

Dads and moms play differently too, and the ways the play differs may have to do with the values men and women tend to cherish. One example, posed by Glenn Stanton in his book, Why Children Need a Male and Female Parent, is the dichotomy of lessons imparted by men and women through play. Fathers emphasize competition, while mothers emphasize equity. Both are important, and one without the other, Stanton argues, could be unhealthy in the long run for a child.

The competition and equity equation further sheds light on how experience shapes parenting. Men, who are taught to be competitive and take risks, teach their kids (both male and female) to take risks too. Women are taught to protect themselves and treat others fairly, and pass this lesson on to children for safety reasons. With these two perspectives combined, kids can learn to be competitive but fair, and take risks while understanding consequences.

vs

Nurture

Discipline

Both mothers and fathers are capable of being strict disciplinarians, but it perhaps comes more naturally to the father, if only because mom is the chief nurturer. Cautious mothers prioritize comfort and security for their kids, and are sometimes viewed by dads as being "too soft" on children. In these cases it may fall upon the dad to enact law and order in the family. This becomes more apparent as kids get older and into their teenage years. A mom may be more inclined to be the "peacemaker" when things go awry, while dads are more intent on teaching a lesson than making the conflict disappear.

The roles could easily be reversed, however, if dad was taking on mom's responsibilities as the main caretaker, which is increasingly common. Whatever the case, parents need to support one another and provide their children a balance between support and discipline.

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Emotion

Detachment

Ideally, mothers and fathers love their children equally. But generally speaking a woman's emotional attachment to her kids is stronger, or at least more apparent, than a father's may be. This has a lot to do with the high expectations moms are held to as opposed to dads, who are relegated to a supportive role. As a result, moms that stay at home can feel emotional and overworked, while working moms feel guilty for not being home. Whatever the case, it's difficult for mom to detach, or separate work from home.

This dichotomy between emotion and detachment is also apparent in the ways men and women tend to communicate with their kids and each other. Fathers are more brief and to the point, while moms tend to dig deeper. This doesn't mean that moms are over-involved and dads under-involved, just that a parent's experience and role in the family is likely to affect his or her ability to detach. Ideally, fathers could take some of the emotional weight off of moms, and moms would encourage this when given a chance to step back.

Case PHYSICIANS AND PUBLIC FATHERING: "BEING THERE"

Physicians tended to highlight participation in or presence at their children's public events as the way they were involved in their children's lives. Even with their long hours or hectic schedules, physicians emphasized their concerted attempts to attend those activities. Sometimes this kind of paternal involvement required creativity in scheduling: I coached [my son's] soccer, and the way I coached his soccer was I would book two hours in my afternoon and I would not have patients there, and I would go to [town) and coach his practice and do the work, bring him home and then go back to work, and then work 'til 9:00.

As this father's comment suggests, doctors let their children influence their schedules because they can; when they choose to do so, they exert significant control over their schedules. Physicians engage in other public activities with their children as well. When we were observing in his office, a surgeon showed us with pride his phone's screen with a photo of his daughter dressed for Halloween, saying she was going trick-or-treating with him. But during our interview with this physician, he barely mentioned his daughter, suggesting her daily care was his wife's domain.

"Being there" for public events was important to these physicians. Yet even when they were able to leave the office to attend their children's events, work sometimes followed. One physician had a $3,000 car phone installed so that he could return phone calls while watching his children.... Though able to be physically present at the game, his attention was divided between his family and his work. Yet to him, being at the game was what mattered. He is demonstrating, possibly to himself, his child, and the community that he cares as a father. In some sense, the very difficulty of his being there makes this demonstration all the more dramatic. Through their participation in these activities, the doctors are publicly "doing fatherhood." This performance of gender and fatherhood entails signs of "paternal visibility" (Coltrane 1996; West and Zimmerman 1987) to their children. and the wider community. Moreover, like the men Townsend (2002) studied, a large part of what it means to them to be a father is to be a provider. Many of these physicians adopted a prove neotraditional model of masculinity (Gerson 2007) one suggesting that what it means to be a good father is to be a good breadwinner and provide financially. This is reinforced by the income associated with class position: Participation in public activities often requires a significant financial outlay. How do we explain such public fathering? To answer that question, we first look at the physicians' jobs and then turn to their family lives.

SPORTS

In sports, males predispose them to outperform females in sports that require strength, power, and speed. Male athletes have high average body fat compared to female athletes. Males develop larger skeletal muscles, as well as larger hearts and lungs. Without question, males and females differ in several physical characteristics that influence sport performance.

Gender Stereotyping in Sports

For instance, sport participation has been regarded as a masculine activity; literature even argues that participation in competitive sports violates females’ traditional sex roles (Eitzen & Sage, 1993). These gender stereotypes indeed influence sport participation. They may both result in role conflicts and affect individuals’ decisions about whether to participate in gender “appropriate” or “inappropriate” sports. Sport participation is further influenced by whether the activity characteristics are considered socially acceptable for one’s gender. Women who are expected to display feminine behaviors while also participating in masculine activities often face a conflicting set of roles. Feminine sports are those with strong aesthetic elements whereas masculine sports are those focusing on strength or strong body contact. males are more likely than females to participate in masculine sports while females are more likely than males to participate in feminine sports.

Role of Sports in Gender and Development

Girls' sense of agency, self-empowerment, and personal freedom were enhanced by organized sports activities.

SOCIALIZATION - a process in which we actively established opinions about who we are and how we should behave. STEREOTYPES - is a widely held ideas about specific types of people in specific categories. EXAMPLE

• Females have not been as encouraged by parents to be physically active. Parents have been shown to provide less encouragement for physical activity, offer fewer sport-related opportunities for their daughters than for their sons, and perceive their sons to have higher sport competence than their daughters (Fredricks & Eccles, 2005).

• Youth are often pressured into "gender-appropriate" sports. If someone tells you that she has a child playing ice hockey and another doing figure skating, what assumption do you typically make about these kids? The gendered assumption would be that a boy plays ice hockey and a girl figure skates. Kids do gender-type sports as more or less appropriate (e.g., gymnastics for girls because they're flexible and it's a girls' sport, football for boys because it is rough with lots of contact) (Hannon, Soohoo, Reel, & Ratliffe, 2009).

How to end Gender Stereotyping?

Why does Gender Stereotyping occur in Sports?

• Support women’s and girls’ sports as a fan or player. Attend women’s sports games at all levels. Play a sport if you are an athlete. Support female athletes by watching their games on television or following them on social media.

• Develop gender equity policies. Sports organizations need to work towards gender equity. Women doing equal work should have equal participation opportunities, financial aid or funding, wages and benefits as their male counterparts.

• Avoid sexist language in communications. When writing about women’s sports, avoid using innuendos or belittling athletes by alluding to their outfits or family roles outside the game. Use the same vivid language when describing both female and male athletes’ performances.

One of the reason is Homophobia. It is an irrational fear or intolerance of gay, lesbian, and bisexual people. - Parents' traditional parenting behaviors stem from a wish for their children to fit in and be accepted in society. However, children and adolescents must be taught about harmful gender stereotypes that have proven detrimental to both girls and boys in sports

Advantages of Sports in Gender and Development

• Establish a whistle-blower program. An easy-to-use, secure and anonymous whistleblowing platform can capture discrimination and harassment complaints in your sports organization. Coming forward to expose unfair practices can be daunting, so maintaining whistleblowers’ security and privacy is key

• Hire more female sports executives. Encouraging women to pursue careers as players, coaches, trainers, executives and journalists can push sports towards gender equity..

• High school girls who play sports are less likely to be involved in an unintended pregnancy; more likely to get better grades in school and more likely to graduate than girls who do not play sports.
• Girls and women who play sports have higher levels of confidence and self-esteem and lower levels of depression.
• Girls and women who play sports have a more positive body image and experience higher states of psychological well-being than girls and women who do not play sports.

Promoting sports as key factor in Gender and Development

Sports and societies empower women and girls on an individual level by encouraging self-confidence, leadership, teamwork skills, and a sense of accomplishment by providing chances for them to participate in sports. They also call into question societal gender norms and roles.

QUESTIONS

DO GENDER STEREOTYPES SEEM TO BE MORE OFFENSIVE, OR INCORRECTLY PORTRAYED, TO FEMALES OR MALES?

01

HOW DO GENDER STEREOTYPING KILL A MAN AND A WOMAN'S SELF-CONFIDENCE?

02

SOURCES

FAMILY

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swSy6pdAS-0

• Colorado State University, & Harman, J. (n.d.). Gender roles. Future Learn. Retrieved October 18, 2021, from https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/positive-parenting/0/steps/37778
• https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-parenting-gender-gap-_b_11430888

WORK

• Rodriguez, A. (2019). Gender and society : the whys of women, their oppressions and path to liberation. Quezon City : C & E Publishing

• Nazila Rikhusshuba, N., & Huda, M. (2020, December). Parental influence on a child’s gender identity development in laurie frankel’s this is how it always is. https://www.Researchgate.Net/Publication. Retrieved October 18, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348110328_parental_influence_on_a_child’s_gender_identity_development_in_laurie_frankel’s_this_is_how_it_always_is

• http://ilo.org/global/topics/economic-and-social-development/gender-and-development/lang--en/index.htm

• https://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf

• Spade, J. Z., & Valentine, C. G. (2017). The kaleidoscope of gender: prisms, patterns and possibilities. SAGE Publications, Inc.

• https://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/F-Understanding-the-Business-Case-for-Gender-Equality-in-the-Workplace.pdf

• https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocacy/benefits-sports-participation-girls-women/

SPORTS

• https://www.i-sight.com/resources/discrimination-in-sports-5-types-25-solutions/

POVERTY

• https://www.google.com/search?q=gender+stereotyping+in+sports+males&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH921PH921&oq=gender+stereo&aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0i131i433i512l2j0i512j69i60l2.10729j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://opentextbc.ca/womenintheworld/chapter/chapter-1-women-and-poverty/

Faye Monding

wendy De Leon

MODULE 6

GROUP 4

Paula Marie Velasco

Kate Lois Magallanes

thanks

for listening