Teórico - PRESENTACIÓN BÁSICA

Práctica de la Pronunciación del Inglés

Repaso para el examen final escrito.

Let's Begin!

tʃ

ɜː

tʃ

ɜː

SECTIONS

Click on each section to go to open the page.

Spelling rules - consonants

Spelling rules - vowels

Spelling rules - dipthongs

Weak and strong forms

Allophones

Transcription tips

Term test practise

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

/s/

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ALL"s" at the begining of words - sing, say"ss" (except scissors, possess)"s" + consonant - stay, lastMOST“ce” - centre“ci” - science, city“cy” - cycle, juicy SOME“s” in the middle of words - basic, mason“se” at the end of words - mouse, cease“s” at the end of words - bus, gas

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

/z/

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ALL“z” - zoo, freeze, plural and 3rd person singular “s” after a voiced sound - dogs, addsSOME “s” in the middle of words - music, pleasant, visit, composer“se” and “s” at the end of words - choose, ease, was, has, use

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

/ʒ/

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SOME “s” before “u” “i” - measure, pleasure, usual, treasure, leisure, television, vision, “ge” in endings of French origin words - beige, garage

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

/ʃ/

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ALL “sh” - shop, wish, bishop, shapeENDINGS WITH “ti+vowel” “ci+vowel” - education, initial, musician, delicious SOME “ch” in words of French origin - machine, champagne “s” - insurance, sure

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

/dʒ/

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ALL“j” - jam, job, judge “ge” - general, manage, agent “dge” - judge, grudge SOME “gi” - ginger, imagine

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

/tʃ/

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ALL“tch” - match, butcher, kitchen “t+ure” - torture, picture, future, nature MOST “ch” - chin, rich, China

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

/j/

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ALL “y” at the beginning of words - yellow, you, yesterdayBEFORE SOME “u” at the beginning of words - university, use, usually BEFORE SOME /u:/ after some consonants - beautiful, few, argue, queue, music, pure

SPELLING RULES

Consonant Sounds

ALL “n” before velarised consonants “k” “g” - sing, think

/ŋ/

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/θ/ /ð/

ALL “th” in spelling. There are no specific rules in relation to when the voiced or the voicless one takes place

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ALL “h” (exceptions: hour, honest, honor, heir, vehement, annihilate)

/h/

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SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/i:/

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ALL"ee" - sleep, sheepMOST"ea" - read, eat, meat"e" in final position or between two voiced consonants - be, these LESS COMMON"i" - machine, police"ie" - field, piece"ei" - receive"ey" - keyEXCEPTIONS"eo" - people

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/ɪ/

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COMMON"i" at the beginning of words and in interconsonantic position - if , films, his"e" in plural and verb endings - ended, dancesLESS COMMON"e" - decide, English, womenEXCEPTIONS"o" - women"u" - busy"a" - village

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/e/

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COMMON"e" at the beginning of words and in interconsonantic position - egg, editor, bet, wentLESS COMMON"ea" - dead, breath, deafEXCEPTIONS"ie" - friend"a" - any, ate, says, said"e" - bury"ei" - leisure

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/æ/

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COMMON"a" at the beginning of words and in interconsonantic position - sat, marry, hand, ran, ankleEXCEPTIONS"ai" - plait

/ʌ/

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MOST"u" at the beginning of words and in interconsonantic position - cup, uncle, us, funnyLESS COMMON"o" - one, mother, front"ou" - young, trouble"ough" - enough, rough"oo" - blood, flood

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/ɑː/

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MOST"ar" - artist, car, parkSOME"a" - father, half LESS COMMON"ear" - heart"er" - sergeant, clerk"au" - aunt, laugh

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/ɜ:/

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ALL"er", "ir", "ur" + consonants - verb, girl, firm, turn, church"er", "ir", "ur" in stressed syllables in final position - her, prefer, fir, furLESS COMMON"or" preceded by "w" - word, world, work"our" - journey, courtesy"ear" - learn, earth

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/ɒ/

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ALL"o" + final consonant - dog, pot"ock" - clock, dock"o" + double consonant - bottleLESS COMMON"a" after "w", "wh" and "qu" - watch, what, quantityEXCEPTION"au" - because, sausage"ow" - knowledge

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/ɔː/

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ALL"aw" - saw, lawn, lawMOST"or" - horse"oar" - board"au" - daughter LESS COMMON"a" - all, water"ar" after "w" and "qu" - warm, quarter"oor" - door, floor"our" - four, court"ough" + consonant - bought, thought

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/u:/

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MOST"oo" - food"u" between two voiced consonants - music"u" with final "e" - June, blueMOST"ew" - chew, shrewd LESS COMMON"o" - do, move, shoe"ou" - soup, through"ui" - juice EXCEPTION"eau" - beautiful

SPELLING RULES

Vowel Sounds

/ʊ/

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SOME"oo" - good, book, foot"u" - putLESS COMMON"ou" - could, should"o" - woman

/ə/

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MOSTunstressed syllables with any spelling - again, teacher, Michael, colourweak forms of grammatical words - the, has, that, to

SPELLING RULES

Dipthongs

/eɪ/

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ALL"ay" - day, hay, awayMOST"a" between consonants - radio, favourite"a" with final "e" - page, take, ache, cake"ai" - rain, paid LESS COMMON"ea" - great, break"ei" - eight, veil"ey" - they, grey

SPELLING RULES

Dipthongs

/ʊə/

/əʊ/

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SOME"oor" - poor"our" - tour"ure" - sure, pure, cure

ALL"o" at word ends - so, agoMOST"o" with final "e" - home, toe"oa" - boat, coast SOME"o" at the beginning or in the middleof words - old, cold, both LESS COMMON"ow" - low"ou" - shoulder

SPELLING RULES

Dipthongs

/eə/

/ɪə/

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ALL"air" - air, chairMANY"are" - care"ary" - Mary LESS COMMON"ear" - pear EXCEPTIONS"ere" - were, there"eir" - their, heir

ALL"eer" - beer, deer, cheerMANY"ere" - here, mere"ear" - ear, dear, tear LESS COMMON"ier" - fierce, tier"eir" - weird"ea" - idea, real, seal

SPELLING RULES

Dipthongs

/ɔɪ/

/aɪ/

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ALL"oi" - boil, rejoice"oy" - boy, toy, enjoy

MOSTlong "i" - blind, sign, island, pint"i" with final "e" - write, five, die, arrive"y" in a stressed syllable - style, apply, try"igh" - high, light, sightEXCEPTIONS"ei" - either, neither"uy" - buy, guy

/aʊ/

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MANY"ou" - house, out, ground"ow" - cow, brown, how, towel

WEAK AND STRONG FORMS

¡Recordá usar las weak y las strong forms!

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Conjunctions, determiners, pronouns, y auxiliary verbs.

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Si la palabra está acentuada, siempre va a ir con su strong form.

Si la palabra no está acentuada, debés transcribirla con su weak form.

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WEAK VOWEL SOUNDS

They are the ones we use in most non-prominent syllables and in the weak form of grammatical words.

ə ɪ ʊ u i

Now let's review some of the weak and strong forms conventions!

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We will use strong forms in the following cases.

Prerpositions and auxiliary verbs in utterence final position.

Who likes opera? I do. /du:/This is what I came for. /fɔː/

Making contrast.

I don't want to talk to you, I want to talk to him. /hɪm/ You must choose between them /ðem/ or me. /miː/

Emphasis.

Tomorrow is the /ðiː/ day; it's my graduation. Welcome! Do /duː/ make yourself at home.

We will use strong forms in the following cases.

Question tags.

They aren't coming, are /ɑː/ they? You don't mind coming with them, do /duː/ you?

Quotes.

The word "from" / frɒm/ has a weak and a strong form. The auxialiary "will" /wɪl/ has future reference.

ALLOPHONES

ALLOPHONES

PHONEMES

They represent a variation in the sound.

They represent sounds.

The 'paper was 'cut.

/ðə peɪpə wəz kʌt/

[ðə pʰeɪpə wəz̝̩ kʰʌt]

ALLOPHONES

VOWEL ALLOPHONES

CONSONANT ALLOPHONES

Aspiration

Vowel length

Devoicing

Types of release

Variation in the placeof articulation

Dark /l/

Syllabicity

ASPIRATION

Voiceless plosive sounds

/p/, /t/ and /k/.

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These sounds are produced with an extra puff of air; we cover all exits in our mouth, gather air, and then release it as an explosion.

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Aspiration happens when these sounds are followed by a vowel sound in a prominent syllable.

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It also happens when followed by /w/, /l/, /r/ and /j/, but we don't mark it.

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UNASPIRATION. When the voiceless plosives are preceded by /s/, aspiration doesn't happen.

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ASPIRATION

Voiceless plosive sounds

To mark aspiration in a transcription, we will use the symbol [ʰ] right after the consonant affected.

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Remember we will only mark aspiration when followed by a pure vowel sound in a prominent syllable.

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I drank two cups of tea before going to bed. [aɪ 'dræŋk 'tʰuː 'kʰʌps əv 'tʰiː bɪfɔː 'ɡəɪŋ tə 'bed] Peter spent the entire afternoon training. ['pʰiːtə spent ðɪ ɪn'tʰaɪə æftə'nuːn 'traɪnɪŋ]

DEVOICING

Voiced sounds

Affects all consonant sounds from group B and some of group C.

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These sounds will lose their voiced quality for a moment; that is, the vocal chords won't vibrate when producing the sound given a specific context.

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The symbol for this allophone is a small circle [ ̥ ]under the affected sound.

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/b/ /d/ /ɡ/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ dʒ/

GROUP B

/m/ /n/ ŋ/ /l/ /r/ /j/ /w/

GROUP C

DEVOICING

Group B

/b/ /d/ /ɡ/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dʒ/

All of these consonants will be devoiced when:

They happen after or before a pause.

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They are preceded or followed by a voiceless consonant from group A ( /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ / tʃ/.)

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These are the pros and cons of taking a holiday in July. ['ð̥iːz ə ðə 'prəʊz ən 'kɒnz əv̥ 'teɪkɪŋ ə 'hɒlədeɪ in 'dʒulaɪ] Before you cross the street, you should look at both sides. [b̥ɪ'fɔː jə 'krɒs ðə 'striːt / jə ʃəd 'lʊk ət 'b̥əʊθ 'saidz̥]

DEVOICING

Group C

/l/ /r/ /j/ /w/

These consonants will be devoiced when:

They are preceded by an aspirated /p/ /t/ or /k/.

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I was waiting at the queue when the train approached the platform. [aɪ wəs 'weɪtɪŋ ɪŋ ðə 'kj̥uː when 'aɪ 'sɔː ðə 'tr̥eɪ ə'pr̥əʊtʃ ðə 'pl̥ætfɔːm] The interviewer asked a personal question that made the actress cry. [ði 'ɪntəvjʊə 'ɑːst ə 'pɜːsənl 'kw̥estʃn ðət 'meɪd ðɪ 'æktrəs 'kr̥aɪ]

TYPES OF RELEASE

All plosive sounds

/p/ /t/ /k//b/ /d/ /ɡ/

There are four types of release: oral, non-audible, nasal, and lateral releases.

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They can happen inside a single word or at word boundaries.

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To signal this allophone, we will draw a semi-circle [͜ ] to unite the plosive with the sound that follows.

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Oral release takes place everytime that a plosive is followed by a pure vowel or a semivowel, but we don't mark it in allophonic transcription.

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TYPES OF RELEASE

Non-audible release

We articulate our mouth to produce the sound, but we change of sound right before releasing the air.

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It happens with the combinations:

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Plosive + plosive

Plosive + affricate (/tʃ/ /dʒ/) NOT affricate + plosive

She stopped and acted as if she smelled two roses. [ʃi stɒp͜t ən æk͜tɪd əs if ʃi smeld͜ tuː rəuzɪz] He started choking after he ate broccoli. [hi stɑːtɪd͜ tʃəʊkɪŋ ɑːftə hi et͜ brɒkəli]

TYPES OF RELEASE

Nasal release

We articulate our mouth to produce the sound, but the air escapes through our nose.

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It happens with the combination:

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Plosive + /n/ or /m/

Caleb must make his homework at noon. [keɪləb͜ mʌst͜ meɪk hɪz həʊmwɜːk ət͜ nuːn] The atmosphere shouldn't be as hot as it is. [ði æt͜məsfɪə ʃʊdn͜t bi əz hɒt əz ɪt ɪz nəʊ]

TYPES OF RELEASE

Lateral release

Our tongue blocks the middle of the mouth and the air escapes through the sides of the mouth.

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/t/ or /d/ + /l/.

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At last I found lots of old lamps. [æt͜ lɑːst aɪ faʊnd͜ lɒts əv əuld͜ læmps] We must leave wildlife alone and not get ourselves in the middle. [wi mʌst͜ liːv waɪld͜laif aləʊn ən nɒt ɡet aʊəselvz ɪn ðə mɪd͜l]

VARIATION IN THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION

The standard place of aticulation of a sound changes according to its context.

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We will study four:

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Dentalization, marked with a little square under the sound [ ̪ ]

Labiodentalization, marked with the symbol [ɱ]

Post-alveolar articulation, marked with a short line under the sound [_]

Dark /l/, which will be marked [ɫ]

DENTALIZATION

Alveolar consonants

/t/, /d/, /l/, or /n/ + /ð/ or /θ/.

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To produce the first sounds, we move our tongue and put it in between our teeth so as to prepare to produce the dental sounds.

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All things considered, we should think of better ways to save water. [ɔːl̪ θɪŋz kənsɪdəd wi ʃəd̪ θɪŋK əv betə weɪz tə seɪv wɔːtə] Although they were at the mall, they didn't buy anything. [ɔːl̪ðəu ðeɪ wər ət̪ ðə mɒl̪ ðeɪ dɪdnt baɪ enɪθɪŋ]

LABIODENTALIZATION

Nasal sounds

/m/ or /n/ + /f/ or /v/

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Both nasal sounds are articulated biting the lower lip with the upper teeth and thus producing /f/ or /v/.

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Those seats are not as comfortable as they seem. [ðəʊz siːts ə nɒt əz kɒɱftəbl əz ðəɪ siːm] The team voted to invite the former coach to the party. [ðə tiːɱ vəʊtɪd to iɱvaɪt ðə fɔːmə kəutʃ tə ðə pɑːti]

POST ALVEOLAR ATICULATION

Alveolar consonants

/t/, /d/, /l/ or /n/ + /r/

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The tongue, instead of touching the alveoral ridge, goes further back into the mouth.

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Henry arrived when the train was about to leave. [hen̠ri əraɪvd wən ðə t̠reɪn wəz əbaʊt tə liːv] I said red lightning but the purple one's alright too. [ai sed̠ red laɪtnɪŋ bət ðə pɜːpl wʌnz ɔːl̠raɪt tuː]

DARK /l/

> /l/ + consonant sound /l/ + /w/ /l/ + pause > The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge and the back of the mouth touches the velum. > The symbol to represent it is [ɫ].

I didn't enjoy it at all. [æt ɔ:ɫ] myself [maɪˈseɫf] always [ɔ:ɫweɪz]

SYLLABICITY

Omission of vowel sounds

There are cases in which a vowel sound can be completely omitted and, when that happens, a consonant becomes syllabic.

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It can only happen in unstressed syllables; the most typically omitted vowel sound is schwa.

We mark it with a vertical line [ ̩ ] under the syllabic sound.

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I tried to open the bottle but I couldn't. [aɪ traɪd tə əupn̩ ðə bɒtl̩ bət aɪ kʊdn̩t] Buttons have become a new fashion trend. [bʌtn̩z həv bɪkʌm a njuː fæʃn̩ trend]

VOWEL LENGTH

Fully long and half long vowel sounds

Vowel length affects long vowel sounds /iː /ɑː/ /ɔː/ /uː/ and /ɜː/ and all dipthongs.

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We will use [:] to mark fully long vowels and [·] for half long vowels.

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There are many rules to marking vowel lenght. Let's review them!

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FULLY AND HALF LONG VOWELS

A vowel will be fully long when:

It's in an open prominent syllable; that is, when it is the last sound of a word and is made prominent.

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Four [fɔː] Now [nəːʊ] Knew [njuː] Floor [flɔː]

It's in a closed prominent syllable but all of the following sounds are voiced.

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Pause [pɔːz] Squeezed [skwiːzd] Wild [waːɪld] Beard [bɪːəd]

A vowel will be half long when:

It is followed by a voiceless sound or other syllables. Also, when the syllable is not prominent.

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Stupidly ['stjuˑpɪdli] Completely [kəm'pliˑtli] Rifle ['raˑɪfl̩]

TRANSCRIPTION

Some useful tips.

Pay attention to the prominence given (weak and stron forms)

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Use dictionaries

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Check your transcriptions online

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// for phonemic transcription

Study spelling rules

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Read the words aloud

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[] for allophonic transcription

LET'S PRACTISE!

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