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The bombing of Gernika research

Hezkuntza

Created on October 13, 2021

Three characters (a cartoonist, a journalist and a survivor's relative) will carry out an investigation to find out more about the tragic bombing of Gernika.

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THE BombING OF gernika

Gernika Peace Museum

START

introducTIOn

introducTION

More than 80 years have passed and the controversy surrounding the bombing of Gernika and the Spanish Civil War is still raging. Don't you find it curious? Help us find the truth.

CreaTE A groUP OF 3 peoPLE

CREATE A GROUP OF 3 PEOPLE

Now, each member of your team must choose one of these roles.

Journalist

Survivor

Cartoonist

Roles

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Survivor's relative

Name: ______________Surname: ____________

Note that there are several versions of what happened. How are you going to convince readers that your version is the real one?

You are a great-granddaughter or a great-grandson of a survivor of the bombing of Gernika. You have been called by a renowned national magazine so that you can tell them how this event (the bombing of Gernika) was passed on to you at home.

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survivor's relative

Immerse yourself in the time of your great-grandmother or great-grandfather. To do this, read, watch and listen to the materials in this section.

TESTIMONIES

LUIS IRIONDO

THE BOMBING

CIVIL WAR

PRESIDENT OF GERMANY

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survivor's relative

Testimonies

Juanita Irigoras

The visual voice

María Luisa and Luis

EITB Mateo

EITB Luis Iriondo

EITB Andone Bidaguren

EITB Boise (USA)

EITB Itziar Arzanegi

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survivor's relative

In your role as a family member of a survivor, research and seek information to answer the following questions:

1) Which European countries participated in the bombing and which side did they support? 2) What were the different phases of the attack in which the bombing of Gernika took place? 3) What are the hypotheses about the authorship of the bombing? 4) How did your great-grandmother or great-grandfather feel? (Reflect on this)

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Survivor's relative

These terms or ideas may help you in your search:

The bombing of Gernika

Date, day of the week, what was being celebrated, number of people...

Participating aviation

Did the land forces take part? What was the nationality of the planes that bombed it? What were the tactics used? Which European countries took part in the bombing and which side did they support? What were the phases of the attack in which the bombing of Gernika took place?

Different versions on the authorship of the destruction

What version did the rebel side offer? And the Republican side?

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SURVIVOR'S RELATIVE

Share the answers to the questions and your research with the people in the class who have the same role as you (descendant of a survivor).

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survivor's relative

After sharing your research, write an article for the magazine's supplement in which you describe your experience as a descendant of a survivor of the bombing of Gernika.

Include a phrase that is repeated in your house every time the subject of the bombing or the civil war comes up.

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Survivor's relative

Join your work with that of your classmates from the initial group (journalist and cartoonist) to compose the supplement of the magazine (your experience, the article and the poster).

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survivor's relative

Present your work (the magazine supplement and the research carried out) in front of the other classmates.

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journalist

Name: ______________Surname : ____________

Note that there are several versions of what happened. How are you going to convince readers that your version is the real one?

You are a journalist fresh out of university and you have the opportunity to get your first job at a renowned national magazine with a large readership. As an entrance test to see if you are accepted or not, you are asked to do a historical research paper on the bombing of Gernika and the war correspondents.

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JOURNALIST

Immerse yourself in the period you are researching. To do this, read, watch and listen to the materials in this section.

TESTIMONIES

GEORGE L. STEER

H. R. SOUTHWORTH

THEBOMBING

CIVIL WAR

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journalist

Testimonies

Juanita Irigoras

The visual voice

María Luisa and Luis

EITB Mateo

EITB Luis Iriondo

EITB Andone Bidaguren

EITB Boise (USA)

EITB Itziar Arzanegi

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journalist

In your role as a journalist, research and seek information to answer the following questions:

1. Cite the names of three foreign correspondents (and the newspapers they worked for) who visited Gernika after the bombing.2. Who was the first to spread the news of the bombing of Gernika to the world? In which newspaper?3. How did Radio Salamanca influence the preparation of the other version of the bombing? Who was the "voice" of Radio Salamanca? 4. How has the life of war correspondents changed from 80 years ago to today? (Reflect on this)

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journalist

These terms and names can help you in your search:

- George L. Steer - Radio Salamanca - General Queipo de Llano - Noël Monks - Christopher Holme - Mathiew Corman - National and international newspapers (Diario Vasco, ABC, La Voz del Chaco, Daily Express, El sol, Euzkadi, Eguna, The New Yor Times, Diario de Burgos, Ce Soir, Euzko Deya, The Times, L’Humanité, Il corriere de la sera, Corriere di Napoli… )

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journalist

Share the answers to the questions and your research with the other journalists in your class.

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Home

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Journalist

After pooling your research, write an article for the magazine's supplement on the treatment of the bombing of Gernika by the press, a topic you researched in the previous exercise.

Include a phrase that is repeated in the documents you have consulted.

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Home

Shared material

journalist

Join your work with that of your classmates from the initial group (descendant of a survivor and cartoonist) to compose the supplement of the magazine (the experience, your article and the poster).

Roles

Home

Shared material

journalist

Present your work (the magazine supplement and the research you have carried out) to the rest of the class.

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Home

Shared material

cartoonist

Name: ______________Surname : ____________

Note that there are several versions of what happened. How are you going to convince readers that your version is the real one?

You love drawing and your speciality are posters. Your greatest influence comes from the posters of the 1930s, especially those created during the Civil War. You get the opportunity to design the cover of a supplement to be published in a renowned national magazine with a large readership. Your work must reflect the bombing of Gernika and the Spanish Civil War.

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cartoonist

Immerse yourself in the period you are researching. To do this, read, watch and listen to the materials in this section.

TESTIMONIES

CIVIL WAR PROPAGANDA

CIVIL WARPOSTERS

THE BOMBING

CIVIL WAR

Roles

Home

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cartoonist

Testimonies

Juanita Irigoras

The visual voice

María Luisa and Luis

EITB Mateo

EITB Luis Iriondo

EITB Andone Bidaguren

EITB Boise (USA)

EITB Itziar Arzanegi

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Shared material

Home

Cartoonist

In your role as a cartoonist, research and seek information to answer the following questions:

1) What were the functions of the posters during the war? 2) What were the symbols most commonly used on the posters of each side? 3) Name 3-4 poster artists, the side to which they belonged and their characteristics. 4) How has propaganda and posters evolved from the 1930s to the present day? (Reflect on this)

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cartoonist

These terms or ideas may help you in your research:

-Contemporary exhibitions on the posters of the Republic and the Spanish Civil War -The role of posters in Spain in the 1930s -José Renau -Carlos Sáenz de Tejada -Bardasano -Nicolás Martínez Ortiz

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CARTOONIST

Share the answers to the questions and your research with the other people who have the role of cartoonists in the class.

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cartoonist

Draw the cover of the supplement on the bombing of Gernika with the aesthetics of the 1930s. Ensure that the influence of cartoonists from the time of the 2nd Republic and the Spanish Civil War is noticeable.

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cartoonist

Join your work with that of your colleagues in the group (journalist and descendant of a survivor) to compose the supplement of the magazine with the three works (the experience, the article and your poster).

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cartoonist

Present your work (the magazine supplement and the research you have carried out) to the rest of your class and/or school.

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shared material

ICT TOOLS

MAGAZINE

ASSESSMENT

WEBOGRAPHY

YOUR SUPPLEMENTS

VOCABULARY

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ICT TOOLS

Tools you can use to perform the exercises

Family testimony

Newspaper article

Cover drawing

Word

Power Point

Open Office Writer

Paint

Canva: designs for social networks, magazines...

Flipsnack: to create leaflets and catalogues.

Autodesk SketchBook: for drawing.

Photoshop online: perfect for painting and drawing.

Genially: design newspapers, leaflets ...

Gimp: free software, for drawing and photography.

Blurb: designs books, magazines and decorative frames.

Krita: intended for digital painting and animation; open-source.

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The bombing of Gernika (1/2)

SELF-ASSESSMENT

Magazine supplement

EVALUATE YOURSELF

Evaluation indicators

Puntos

1'5

Los miembros se reunieron y comentaron regularmente. Todos los estudiantes contribuyeron a la discusión y escucharon respetuosamente. Todos contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

Sólo tuvieron lugar algunas reuniones del equipo. Algunos miembros contribuyeron a la discusión y escucharon respetuosamente. Algunos contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

Los miembros se reunieron y comentaron regularmente. La mayoría contribuyeron a la discusión y casi todos escucharon respetuosamente. La mayoría contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

I did not demonstrate an adequate understanding of the subject.

I understood the subject in depth and presented its information with ease.

I understood the subject in depth and presented my information forcefully and convincingly.

I seemed to understand the main points of the topic and presented them with ease.

No hubo reuniones de equipo. Algunos los miembros del equipo no contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

Knowledge gained

I almost always listen to, share and support the efforts of others. I try to keep members together by working as a group.

Sometimes I listen, share and support the efforts of others, but sometimes I am not a good member of the group.

I rarely listen to, share and support the efforts of others. I am often not a good group member.

I frequently listen to, share and support the efforts of others. I do not cause "problems" in the group

Working with others

I conducted a very thorough investigation. The research included key facts and dates. The supplement clearly identifies the importance of the topic.

I did some research but did not present it in an organised way. The supplement lacks key facts and/or dates to identify the importance of the issue.

I did little or no research for my assignment.

I conducted a fairly thorough investigation. The research included key facts and dates. The supplement presented good information on the subject.

Research

Rigorous content. Not much originality. The final conclusions are not too critically argued.

The content of the final work is not rigorous at all. There is no originality in the exercise. There are no argued conclusions as a final result.

The information used is rigorous. Originality in its creation. Personal and critically argued final conclusions.

Content not very rigorous. Not much originality. Poorly argued and content-poor final conclusions.

The final activity "Creating a supplement": my essay or drawing

Regular use of spelling and language in writing. Poor design

Poor use of spelling and language in writing. Very poor design.

Excellent use of spelling and language in writing. Very elaborate design.

Good use of spelling and language in writing. Elaborate design

Spelling and syntax correction. Drafting and design

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The bombing of Gernika (2/2)

PEER-ASSESSMENT

Magazine supplement

EVALUATE THE GROUP

Evaluation indicators

Puntos

1'25

1'75

2'5

Los miembros se reunieron y comentaron regularmente. Todos los estudiantes contribuyeron a la discusión y escucharon respetuosamente. Todos contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

Sólo tuvieron lugar algunas reuniones del equipo. Algunos miembros contribuyeron a la discusión y escucharon respetuosamente. Algunos contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

There were no team meetings. Some team members did not contribute equally to the work.

Los miembros se reunieron y comentaron regularmente. La mayoría contribuyeron a la discusión y casi todos escucharon respetuosamente. La mayoría contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

Members gathered and discussed on a regular basis. All students contributed to the discussion and listened respectfully. All contributed equally to the work.

Only a few team meetings took place. Some members contributed to the discussion and listened respectfully. Some contributed equally to the work.

Members gathered and discussed on a regular basis. The majority contributed to the discussion and almost all listened respectfully. Almost all contributed fairly to the work.

Engagement (Group)

No hubo reuniones de equipo. Algunos los miembros del equipo no contribuyeron equitativamente al trabajo.

The students gave excellent input, presented their work well and were fully involved.

Students provided very little information throughout the project.

Students gave some information, but were not clear in the information presented.

Students worked well in the group, provided input and presented quality information.

Engagement (Individual)

The supplement contains some of the required information but was not effectively presented.

The requirements were not met, very little information was presented, the supplement was poor and minimal details were given.

The supplement was presented with key facts but was not presented in a convincing tone.

The students have produced a supplement meeting the highest quality standards and their presentation is exemplary.

The general project (The magazine supplement)

Not creative at all It makes use of ready-made ideas.

Not very creative.

Fairly creative work.

Very original and creative work.

Creativity

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1/4

VOCABULARy

Agirre eta Lekube, Jose Antonio: (1904-1960) Lawyer and member of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV-EAJ). First Lehendakari (president) of the Basque Government, appointed on 7 October 1936 in Gernika.

Fiat CR 32: Italian-made fighter aircraft used by the Legionary Aviation during the bombing of Gernika.

1/4

Franco Bahamonde, Francisco: (1892-1975) Spanish military officer and politician, head of state (1936-1975) responsible for the authoritarian regime (Francoism) that began during the Civil War (1936-1939) and ended with the death of the incumbent.

Italian Legionary Aviation: Name given to the Italian Air Forces which, during the Spanish Civil War, acted in support of the national cause.

Dornier 57: German reconnaissance aircraft used by the Legion Condor during the bombing of Gernika.

Gernika: Town located 33 km. from Bilbao in the historical territory of Bizkaia (The Basque Autonomous Community) of 8.6 km. and 15,604 inhabitants (2003).

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2/4

VOCABULARy

Gudari: Member of the Basque Army (Eusko Gudarostea) in the Spanish Civil War.

Junker 52: German-made bombing and transport aircraft used by the Legion Condor during the bombing of Gernika.

2/4

Heinkel 111 y 51: German-made medium bomber aircraft used by the Legion Condor during the bombing of Gernika.

Kindelan Duany, Alfredo: (1879-1962) Military engineer and aviator pilot. General in command of the National Air Force.

Hitler, Adolf: (1889-1945) Austrian-born German leader who openly supported the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War, during which he sent men (Condor Legion) and abundant war material.

Condor Legion: Official name given to the German air force that fought for the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War. Largest air force responsible for the bombing of Gernika, Durango, etc.

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VOCABULARy

Messerschmitt BF -109 B: German-made fighter aircraft used by the Legion Condor during the bombing of Gernika

Nationalists (Rebels, Francoists): Name used since the beginning of the Spanish Civil War for the military forces under the command of General Francisco Franco, who took up arms against the Government of the Republic.

3/4

Mola, Emilio: (1887-1937) General appointed by Francisco Franco to carry out the Northern Campaign.

Second Republic: The political regime that governed Spain from 14 April 1931 -the date of its proclamation and the departure of King Alfonso XIII from Spain- to 1 April 1939 -the date of the definitive victory of the self-proclaimed national side (i.e. the side that rose up against the Republic on 18 July 1936)-.

Mussolini, Benito: (1883-1945) Italian leader who, at the outbreak of the Civil War, adopted a clearly anti-Republican attitude, helping the Nationalists by sending all kinds of weapons and more than 50,000 combatants.

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4/4

VOCABULARy

Republicans (Rojos): Name used during and after the Spanish Civil War to designate supporters of the government side.

Savoia Marchetti 79: Italian-made bomber aircraft used by the Italian Legionary Aviation during the bombing of Gernika.

4/4

Richtofen, Wolfang von: (1895-1945) Colonel aviator in the army of the Third Reich who was Chief of Staff of the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Some authors consider him to be one of the most responsible people for the bombing of Gernika.

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WEBOGRAPHY

TO READ

PODCAST TO LISTEN TO

1. The Spanish civil war

1.1. BBC Radio 4 In Our Time: The Spanish Civil War

The essential books on the bombing of Gernika according to the Gernika Peace Museum

1.2. History Extra Podcast: Everything you ever wanted to know about the Spanish Civil War, but were afraid to ask

2. Bombardeo de Gernika

Twitter

2.1. Irish History Podcast: The Bombing of Guernica & the War in the North (Partisans VII)

1.1. GuerraCivil en tuits @Guerra_Civil_

2.2. This is democracy: Episode 49: Guernica and the Bombing of Civilians

1.2. Guerra Civil 2.0 @GuerraCivil20

2.3. The Spanish History Podcast: Episode 13- Gernika: The Massacre in Context

1.3. TheSpanishCivilWar @civil_spanish

WEBOGRAPHY

TO WATCH

OTHER ASSOCIATIONS INVOLVED IN THE FIELD

Youtube

2.1. Gernika the Story. Documentary Film.

2.2. Ten Minute History - The Spanish Civil War and Francisco Franco (Short Documentary) (History Matters)

2.3. Feature History - Spanish Civil War

2.4. The Spanish Civil War - 6 episodes (BBC Documentary)

Gernika, 80 years after the bombing April 2017

RESEARCH BY THE DOCUMENTATION CENTRE ON THE BOMBING OF GERNIKA (CDBG)

We hope that your research has been fruitful and that you have been able to clarify the controversy surrounding the bombing of Gernika, a very important event in the Spanish Civil War.

You can send your supplement to:

hezkuntza.museoa@gernika-lumo.net

We will upload it to our social networks and repositories to provide visibility.

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Gernika Peace Museum Foundation www.museodelapaz.org Tel +34 946 27 02 13

hezkuntza.museoa@gernika-lumo.net

The Spanish Civil War ravaged Spain between the 17th of July 1936 and the 1st of April 1939. By the time the Second Republic was proclaimed on the 14th of April 1931, the country was already quite polarised. The situation worsened during the period of 1931-1936, leading to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. The war, which broke out as a result of the uprising of the army (under the command of General Francisco Franco) against the government of the Second Republic, ended in 1939 with the victory of the rebels. The victory of the rebels led to the establishment of a dictatorial regime (Francoism) that lasted more than 35 years.

INTRODUCTION TO THE CIVIL WAR

Francisco Franco in a winter cloak, 1930.

"Today, civilians are the main victims of war. Only 80 years ago such news would have been unbelievable: the human tragedy of war only affected young soldiers on the battlefield, far from the cities". © Gernika Peace Museum, "Memoritour: Anti-aircraft shelters".

June 17-20, 1936. Chaos ensued in just four days. Spain was at war, divided into friendly and hostile territories. Eating, working, thinking, interacting with others and with one's surroundings were no longer commonplace. Suddenly peace disappeared and with it, life itself. © Gernika Peace Museum.

INTRODUCTION TO THE BOMBING OF GERNIKA

The people of Gernika experienced the stages of the war from the very beginning, although during the first months the war campaign did not drastically alter the atmosphere in the town.As the front approached, the direct effects of the war increased.

On 31st March 1937, Franco's army bombed Durango and fear began to spread among the population. The local authorities ordered the construction of several anti-aircraft shelters. And so the 26th of April 1937 arrived. It was Monday. Market day.

Gernika, the nerve centre of the region, held an important agricultural and livestock market every Monday. It was also known for its industrial activity (from the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century) with a large number of

weapon factories, jewellery and silverware factories... In 1937, Gernika had a population of 5,630 inhabitants in addition to some 2,000 refugees and the large number of people who came to the market. It is estimated that on 26 April there were between 10,000 and 12,000 people.

The air raid began at around 4 p.m. when the bells of Santa María church tolled three times to warn of the arrival of planes. This was the beginning of the systematic bombing of Gernika, which lasted for more than three hours.

Gernika was practically razed to the ground and went down in history as the first rehearsal of total war. The Basque Government recorded 1,654 direct fatalities.

The destruction of Gernika, which was carried out in three phases (the dropping of bomblets, incendiary bombs and the strafing of the civilian population) was the work of the German Condor Legion and the Italian air force acting under Franco's orders.

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Luis Iriondo, a witness of the bombing

Speech on the 60th anniversary of the Bombing of Gernika

sleep in our bed. We no longer had a home. We had no home.

Perhaps from their height they saw us like ants desperately fleeing. And we could not speak to each other. Men and ants cannot talk to each other. And they poured down on us a rain of fire, shrapnel and death. And they destroyed our village. And that night we could no longer dine in our house or

but they didn't see us as we were. Because they were at the top and we were at the bottom. If they had been at our level, all of us at the bottom, they would have seen that we were just like the kids in their country, in their village, like their children or their little brothers and sisters. And that the women were like their women. But they didn't see us like that.

Gernika, the 27th of April 1997 "Sixty years ago, we had an unexpected visitor in Gernika. Many of us were still kids and some men came to us from other lands, who did not know us and whom we did not know. They didn't even hate us because we had done nothing against them,

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I offer you, who still carry the wounds of the past in your hearts, my open hand in a plea for reconciliation.

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Letter from the President of the Federal Republic of Germany

60th anniversary of the bombing of Gernika

Guernica, the oldest town of the Basques and the centre of their cultural tradition, was completely destroyed yesterday afternoon by insurgent air raiders. The bombardment of this undefended town, far from the occupied lines, took three and a quarter hours, during which a powerful fleet of aeroplanes consisting of three types of German aircraft,

Junkers and Heinkel bombers and Heinkel fighters continued to unload on the city bombs weighing up to 1,000 lb and, it is estimated, more than 3,000 two-pound aluminium incendiary shells. The fighters, meanwhile, swooped down on the city centre to fire their machine guns at the civilian population who had taken refuge in the countryside. The entire Guernica was soon in flames except for the historic Casa de Juntas with its rich archives of the Basque race, where the old Basque Parliament used to take their seats. The famous oak tree of Guernica, with

THE TRAGEDY OF GUERNICA CITY DESTROYED IN AIR RAID

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT From Our Special Correspondent BILBAO, 27 April (1937)

George L. Steer

War correspondent

the old dry stump of 600 years and the young new shoots of this century, also remained intact. Here the kings of Spain used to take the oath to respect the democratic rights (fueros) of Vizcaya and in return received a pledge of allegiance as sovereigns with the democratic title of Lord, not King Vizcaya. The noble parish church of Santa María was also undamaged except for the beautiful chapter house, which was hit by an incendiary bomb. At 2am this morning when I visited the city it was a horrible

scene, burning from end to end. The reflection of the flames could be seen in the clouds of smoke over the mountains 10 miles away. Throughout the night the houses fell until the streets became long piles of red, impenetrable rubble. Many of the civilian survivors undertook the long walk from Gernika to Bilbao in old, typically Basque, solid-wheeled ox-drawn carts. The wagons piled high with the household belongings that could be saved from the conflagration clogged the roads all night.

Article from The Times in which George Steer's article on the bombing of Gernika was published. © Documentation Centre12 on the bombing of Gernika

Other survivors were evacuated in government trucks, but many were forced to remain around the burning city lying on mattresses or in search of lost relatives and children. Meanwhile units of the Basque fire brigade and motorised police under the personal direction of Interior Minister Monzón and his wife continued the rescue work until dawn. (...)

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Article from The Times in which George Steer's article on the bombing of Gernika was published. © Documentation Centre on the bombing of Gernika

Books on the bombing of Gernika

consequence of the prior publication of the news concerning the bombing by the foreign press. (...) -The messages of the foreign journalists who visited Gernika after the nationalists took the town on 29 April. (...)"

foreign correspondents and Spanish representatives of the foreign press in Bilbao on the night of 26-27 April 1937, the Gernika event would not have appeared as we know it today. The newspaper articles that influenced the development of the Gernika story can be classified into three groups: -Journalistic reports sent by correspondents from Bilbao or from listening posts on the Basque border in France. (...) -The reports, communiqués and speeches published first by the Spanish national press, and then by other countries, as a

SOUTHWORTH, Herbert R.: The Destruction of Guernica: Journalism, Diplomacy, Propaganda and History, Ed. Ruedo Ibérico, 1977, p. 27.

Presentation by Angel Viñas of the new edition of The Destruction of Guernica by Herbert Southworth © Gernika Peace Museum

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"From the earliest stages of its development, the story of the destruction of the Basque town of Gernika is first and foremost a matter of press dispatches, all due to the initiative of correspondents. It can be said that without the presence of

Herbert R. Southworth

Writer, journalist and historian who specialises in the Civil War.

Photo of the cover of the book Herbert R. Southworth, Bizitza eta Lana/Life and Work @Gernika Peace Museum

phagocytised by the events of 1936-1939, remain anonymous.

ideological weapon can be found in the 1917 revolution. Art and War (Posters of the Spanish Civil War) claims the art of the poster in wartime, as well as its authors, some of whom,

"Art and war. Posters of the Spanish Civil War": an exhibition at the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya

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Civil War poster (1936-1939) https://historiana.eu

The popular and ephemeral art of the poster in times of war has mainly a propagandistic function: it aims to mobilise the masses, to convey a political message, to provoke a social reaction without renouncing the aesthetic component. The main precedent for the use of poster art as an

Civil War posters

Propaganda during the Civil War(1936-1939)

Article 4

Article 1

What questions do these posters from the Civil War evoke? (Historiana)

"The advertising poster, an instrument of artistic creativity (some traces between the Belle époque and the 1960s)".

Article 5

Spanish Civil War in Poster Collection (Brandeis University)

Article 2

Propaganda in Spain. The posters of the Civil War.

Article 6

Article 3

"Art and war. Posters of the Spanish Civil War" Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya

The Spanish Civil War. Posters and propaganda on the Republican side.

You will not pass! July 1936, We shall pass! https://www.europeana.eu

Combating illiteracy https://historiana.eu

The bombing of Gernika research

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