Timeline

start

old english timeline

OH... HELLO, i noticed you come back... As you can see, things got more elegant, that's because we are going to see something purely poetic, the foundations of the English language and the history of England.

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Instructions,

Authors of the time.

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Have a nice trip!see you at the end

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BEATRIZ GUTIÉRREZ GONZÁLEZCLAUDIA MARIANE CANCHE RAMIREZ RUBEN CABAÑAS JIMÉNEZÁNGEL ALDAIR PÉREZAXEL RAÚL CRUZ

Stone Age

2,5000,000 B.C

4000 B.C

8 000 B.C

750 000 B.C

800 BC

55 B.c

100 B.c

Celtic Tribes from Europe migrate to Britain to join those tribes which had crossed about 300 Bc

61 AD

43 AD

0

In 55 BC Julius Caesar tried to invade Britain, but he was driven back by British warriors. The next year he tried again and failed, but this bring most of the Celts in Central and Eastern Europe under Roman control.

2 500 BC

The Celts

The Roman conquest

600 B.C

Celtic Tribes from Europe migrate to Britain to join those tribes which had crossed about 300 Bc

Most of the 8,000 miles of Roman roads in Britain are completed, allowing troops and goods to travel easily across the country.

In 55 BC Julius Caesar tried to invade Britain, but he was driven back by British warriors. The next year he tried again and failed, but this bring most of the Celts in Central and Eastern Europe under Roman control.

The Roman Emperor Claudius orders four legions to conquer Britain, In August the Romans capture the capital of the Catuvellauni tribe, Colchester, Essex .

2.5 million years ago to 2500BC The story of prehistoric Britain began when the first humans arrived in Britain. It ended when the Romans conquered the ancient Britons and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The Stone Age lasted for over 2 million years. It's often divided into the three different periods, the Early, Middle and Late Stone Age. Meet a Stone Age man! Experts have recreated the face of this man whose body was found in a tomb near Stonehenge.

Boudicca With the Roman provincial governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus leading a military campaign in Wales, Boudicca led a rebellion of the Iceni and members of other tribes resentful of Roman rule. Though her rebellion failed, and the Romans would continue to control Britain until A.D. 410, Boudica is celebrated today as a national heroine and an embodiment of the struggle for justice and independence.

75 AD

407 AD

122 AD

250 AD

367 AD

100 AD

409AD

410 AD

306 AD

211 AD

In this period, new enemies began to threaten the British Isles. The Scots - possibly from Iberia - raided Ulster and western Scotland. Angles, Saxons and Jutes attacked the eastern coast from Germany.

The Roman Emperor Hadrian gave the order for the building of the wall as a frontier, demarcating the Roman south from the barbarian north.

Constantine was hailed emperor in the Roman city of York, known as Eboracum.

After the usurper Constantine III crossed to the continent with part of the army to fight for supreme power, Britons may have successfully fought off a Saxon incursion on their own in 408 AD. A year later, they reputedly expelled the Roman administration and began to manage their own affairs.

Gnaeus Julius Agricola arrived in what is now Wales during the summer as governor and commander of the Roman forces in the British Isles.

Romans establish a new frontier on the Tyne-Solway line.The new emperor, Trajan, required stable borders and more troops for a punitive campaign against Dacia (now Moldova). He ordered a complete withdrawal of Roman forces from what is now Scotland.

Britain is divided into two separate Roman provincesIn an effort to finally subdue Britain and improve its administration, a plan was conceived by emperor Septimius Severus.The southern province was named Britannia Superior (Upper Britain) with its capital at Londinium (London), and the northern named Britannia Inferior (Lower Britain), with the capital at Eboracum (York).

Picts from Scotland, Attacotti from the Western Isles, Scots from Ireland and Franks and Anglo Saxons from Germany launched near-simultaneous attacks, overwhelming the frontier defences of Roman Britain.

Constantine III is proclaimed emperor by the army in BritainAt this time, the borders of the Roman empire were being frequently breached by 'barbarian' invaders and there was a persistent sense of military crisis. The Rhine frontier had been overrun and emperor Theodosius I responded by withdrawing troops to defend Italy. The garrison in Britain rebelled and proclaimed a general, Constantine III, emperor. He crossed to the continent where he was defeated by an army loyal to Theodosius.

449 AD

616

477 AD

547 AD

713AD

450 AD

490AD

bretwalda

500 AD

Heptarchy

495AD

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle some of the Saxons came in 477, landed on the south coast, and established themselves in Sussex.

Further bands of Saxons settled a little to the west, in Wessex.

Angles occupied the east coast and established an Anglian kingdom north of the Humber.

800AD

597 AD

828AD

792 AD

Wessex under the guidance of Egbert began to extend it's influence in all England and in 828 he was recognized as the most powerful Bretwalda.

“The Ecclesiastical History of the English People” (in Latin) - Venerable Bede

731AD

Anglo-Saxon invasions Germanic tribes from the north of Europe settle in Britain, bringing with them their indigenous dialects.

Start of the 'Old English' period What is known as the 'Early Old English' period runs from c.450-c.850.

The first recorded Bretwalda was Ælle of Sussex. Next came Ceawlin of Wessex, followed by Ethelbert of Kent and Rædwald of East Anglia.

As a result of the Anglo-Saxon invasions of Britain, the country was broken up into a large number of tiny local "kingdoms", each with its own king or sub-king, some of whom were really little more than tribal chieftains. The situation was chaotic. There was an unbroken succession of wars in which the various rulers sought to eclipse and dominate their neighbors. Kings who achieved overall dominance are remembered as a “Bretwalda” or “Ruler of Britain”.

In the early part of the seventh century Northumbria gained political supremacy over a number of the other kingdoms and held an undoubted leadership in literature and learning as well. The 7th century saw Northumbrian Bretwaldas.

The traditional account of the Germanic invasions goes back to Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, tells us that the Germanic tribes that conquered England were the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles.

Beowulf is the oldest existing Old English poem, it is not known with certainty who is the author of this poem. This fictional story tells us about the battle between a monster and a hero and the poem is mixed with pagan traditions interspersed with Christian values, from this we could make a relationship between good and evil;This poem mark the birth of English literature.

The influence of the monks must have grown, with Latinisms being dropped into speech much as they still are today, in this period begins the conversion to Christianity of the Anglo-Saxons. Old English was full of inflections and it was not an entirely uniform language. There were 4 dialects: 1.-Northumbrian 2.- Mercia 3.-West Saxon 4.-Kentish.

Anglo-Saxon history tells of many Viking raids. These marked the start of a long struggle between the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings for control of Britain.

1016 AD

899 A.D

878AD

871AD

bretwalda

970 AD

Heptarchy

954 AD

The Danes were eventually victorious and King Canute was a welcome surprise. This reformed Viking held up Edgar the Peaceable as his model, ordered the English to obey Edgar’s laws and gave them a reign of national peace with honour excelling not only that of Edgar but of any previous English king.

1066 A.D

980 A.D

Alfred died in 899 and was buried at his capital city of Winchester.

At the time of Æthelred's accession, the Danish King Harold "Bluetooth" Gormsson was firmly established in the north. King Harold's son was Sweyn Forkbeard, father of King Canute.

In 1066, England was invaded twice. First, a Norwegian army led by Harald Hardrada landed in the north. Harold killed Hardrada in a battle at Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire.

Three days later William's Norman army landed in Sussex. Harold hurried south and the two armies fought at the Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066). The Normans won, Harold was killed, and William became king. This brought an end to Anglo-Saxon and Viking rule.

1

2

King Alfred made a treaty with the Viking leader Guthrum, which roughly split England into two. Alfred was left in control of Wessex and London, and Guthrum took control over an area of eastern England through the 700 years during which it was written and spoken. The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings became neighbours in Britain, but they didn’t always get along peacefully.

The most powerful Anglo-Saxon king was Edgar. Welsh and Scottish rulers obeyed him as well as the English, and his court at Winchester was one of the most splendid in Europe. Anglo-Saxon England reached its peak during Edgar's reign. Alfred's great grandson Edgar the Peaceable was the first king of a truly united England; but towards the end of Edgar's reign it became possible for small groups of Viking adventurers to establish themselves on remote parts of the northern coast.

Alfred became king & it's the first king to be recognised as a truly national leader; te "The Anglo-Saxon Crhonicle" is begun

Edward the Confessor died without any children to inherit the throne. The English Witan chose Harold (son of Godwin, the Earl of Wessex) as the next king.Duke William of Normandy and Harold Hardrada, the King of Norway, were not happy with the decision. They believed they had a claim to the throne.

the Anglo-Saxons drove out Eric Bloodaxe, the last Viking king of Jorvik. Later, when Eric was killed in battle, the Vikings agreed to be ruled by England's king.

1827 AC

1816 AC

1788 AC

1786 AC

1820 AC

• 1820 (franz)

He published, in the Annals of Oriental Literature (London, 1820), an essay entitled "Analytical comparison of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Teutonic languages" in which he extended to all parts of grammar what he had done in his first book.

1818 AC

1830 AC

1822 AC

1833 AC

1970 AC

The third annual speech of the Royal Asiatic Society of Calcutta was published, it included a revealing paragraph by William Jones, reproduced in all the histories of linguistics, in which, after proclaiming the excellence of the Sanskrit language, he pointed out the possibility of a kinship between her and the Greek, Latin and Germanic languages.

The third annual speech of the Royal Asiatic Society of Calcutta was published, it included a revealing paragraph by William Jones, reproduced in all the histories of linguistics, in which, after proclaiming the excellence of the Sanskrit language, he pointed out the possibility of a kinship between her and the Greek, Latin and Germanic languages.

Franz Bopp published his detailed system of the Sanskrit language, on which he had worked since 1821.

Franz Bopp drew up his Comparative Grammar, which appeared in six parts at considerable intervals (Berlin, 1833-, 1852), under the title Comparative Grammar of Sanskrit, Zend Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Old Slavonic, Gothic and German).

William jones In 1786 William Jones postulated a protolanguage linking Sanskrit, Iranian, Greek, Latin, Germanic, and Celtic, but in many ways his work was less precise than that of his predecessors, mistakenly including Egyptian, Japanese, and Chinese. in the Indo-European languages.

Franz Bopp The professor of Eastern philology at the University of Berlin, published in Frankfurt am Main in 1816 on the conjugation system of Sanskrit in comparison with that of Greek, Latin, Persian and Germanic, whose purpose was to trace the postulated common origin of the grammatical forms of languages and their compositional inflections.This was something that no predecessor had tried.

Rasmus Rask As a result of the research of William Jones Rasmus Rask built on the idea. Rask conducted further research and found that certain sounds in PIE were like that found in some modern languages. From this, Rask determined that some sounds in Greek, Latin, and Ancient Sanskrit matched up with each other. In a nutshell, these similarities between sounds simply demonstrate the connection between languages. This story shows us why we see so many words that are similar in Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit as well as in modern languages that come from Proto-Germanic languages.

In 1822, the philologist Jacob Grimm systematically explained the correspondences between certain consonants in the Germanic languages and those found, for example, in Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. the purpose of Grimm’s Law: demonstrating how words that are seemingly not connected to PIE actually are! For this, Grimm suggested three laws: · The PIE sound /p/ becomes /f/ in Germanic languages · The PIE sound /t/ becomes /th/ in Germanic languages · The PIE sound /k/ becomes /h/ in Germanic languages This demonstrates clearly how words like “pater” in Latin can make the seemingly difficult jump to “father”.

Franz Bopp compiled a glossary in Sanskrit and Latin.

In the 18th and 19th centuries many proposals for "universal" international languages were developed, the best known being Esperanto.

Romans leave Britain

The end of approximately 400 years of Roman rule in Britain, leading to a period of gradual Roman withdrawal and the Celts found themselves at a disadvantage.

The Celts (Vortigern) asked for help to the Jutes, offering in exchange the isle of Thanet. The problem was solved, but the Jutes tried to conquest the rest of England. That soil was much more fertile, so they decided to stay, although they had to do it by force. The Celts were gradually put to the West and the North.

the end

I hope you enjoyed this trip, sure you already knew all this ... but at least the images had movement, see you in the next project!