MY ENGLISH PORTFOLIO

ENGLISH PORTFOLIO

Mónica Carvajal García 2º BACH C

índice

Grammar

Writings

Vocabulary

• Tenses
• Conditionals
• Passive Voice
• Causative

• Unit 1
• Unit 2
• Unit 3

vocabulary

UNIT 0 - Getting Started

• Due TO = owing to (debido a)
• To emphasise = focus on
• Suceed IN ex: Jimena succeeded in finishing her degree.
• Disapprove OF ex: My parents dissaprove of my friends.
• To turn a blind eye (overlook) = hacer la vista gorda
• Tp turn a deaf ear = hace oídos sordos

Only in this way, will be prepared for the EVAU. INVERSION: If I had known how importany English is, I would have studied harder. Had I know how important English is, I would have studied harder.

UNIT 0 - Getting Started

EXPRESSIONS

• food for thought = dar que pensar
• What Sarah told me that, she gave me food for thought
• easy piecy / piece of cake = pan comido
• ex: The exam was easy piecy.
• bread and butter = lo que da de comer
• ex: Teaching is what gives me bread and butter.
• cutting edge = punta o innovadora
• This bussiness provides cutting edge technology.
• sweet tooth = person who loves sweet
• (to be/go ON) a shopping spree = comprar compulsiva
• ex: My sister and I are/went on a shopping spree.

UNIT 0 - Getting Started

WORDLIST

• Attempt / effort - intento
• Cope (WITH) / manage - lidar con
• Major / important - importante
• Decrease / reduce - reducir
• Overlook / ignore - ignorar
• Illegible - imposible de leer

PHRASAL VERBS

• To look UP TO (someone) = admirar a
• To look DOWN ON (someone) = mirar con desprecio
• Brush UP ON = refrescar (review)
• Live UP TO (somebody's) expectations = cumplir con las expectativas
• PUT OFF = posponer

UNIT 1 - Going Places

• Budget airline - areolínea lowcost
• Tourist trap - lugar de turismo donde todo es más caro
• breathtaking - algo que te deja sin aire (impressive/amazing)

• high season - temporada alta
• off season - fuera de temporada

• rate - tarifa
• unsploilt - poco turístico "virgen"

• Overlook / ignore - ignorar
• bargain - regatear
• vendor - vendedor callejero
• stall - stan "puestecillo de calle"
• Youth hostels - albergues juveniles
• spot - sitio concreto
• dirt chip - ganga

UNIT 1 - Going Places

• deal - trato
• wander - deambular
• hop ON - subirse rápidamente ex: I had to hop on the bus.

• Aim /goal - objetivo
• set OFF - partir (empezar)
• Cope (WITH) / manage - lidar con
• go with the flow - dejarse llevar

• Tracksuit = chándal
• Viewpoint / gazer = mirador
• Flea market = mercadillo
• Campsite - campamento ex: I go camping to a campsite
• Sketches - bocetos o dibujos
• Decrease / reduce - reducir
• Hub - central
• Upbeat - alegre ex: I ususally listen to upbet music

UNIT 1 - Going Places

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

• ON time - justo a la hora
• IN time - con tiempo
• IN private - en privado
• BY myself / ON my own - conmigo / por mi misma / yo sola
• to take advantage OF - partir (empezar)
• to make the most OF (my day) - aprovechar al máximo (el día)
• AT a glance - a simple vista
• AT fault (to blame) - culpable ex: he is at fault

• OUT of date = pasado de moda o anticuado
• ON the whole / IN general = en general
• OUT of the question = imposible ex: This is out of the question
• ON the way - en camino
• FOR a change = para variar o para cambiar ex: Today we are going to do a kahoot instead of the book for a change.
• IN case ex: In case of fire, please go out

UNIT 1 - Going Places

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

• BY heart - de memoria
• ON purpose - a propósito / a posta
• ON foot - a pie
• BY mistake - por error
• ON condition (that) - a / con la condición de que ex: I will give my book on condition that you bring it back tomorrow.

• AHEAD OF time = con tiempo suficiente (con anteleación)

ex: If you want to eat in this restaurant, you will have to call ahead of time.

• IN the long run = a la larga / a largo plazo
• FOR a change = para variar o para cambiar ex: Today we are going to do a kahoot instead of the book for a change.
• IN fluk = en flujo
• Bring ABOUT/ON = acarrer

UNIT 1 - Going Places

• a bustling place - lugar ruidoso
• far-flung (remote/far-away) - lejos o distanciado
• fairy often / rather often - frecuentemente / rara vez
• seldom - rara vez
• spoilt child - niño mimado o malcriado
• to spoil - hechar a perder
• to accuse someone OF (verb+ing)
• duty-free - libre de impuestos
• narrow-minded - persona cerrada de mente
• worthwhile - merece la pena ex: this is worthwhile
• widespread - extendido/a
• outstanding - destaca o llama la atención
• to stand OUT - destacar
• trustworthy - confiable

UNIT 2 - A healthy future

• clock in - fichar
• shift - turno (fábrica)
• couch potato - persona vaga que no se mueve
• OUT of shape - en baja forma
• drowsy - soñoliento / adormecido
• OUT of breath - sin aire (agotado)
• relapse - recaída
• crash diet - dieta de choque (extrema)
• overcome - superar
• overweight - sobrepeso
• quick fix - solución rápida
• side effects - efectos secundarios
• slim down - adelgazar
• disorder - problema de salud
• dosage - cantidad de / dósis
• well-being - bienestar (salud+felicidad)

UNIT 2 - A healthy future

• ON the verge OF - a punto de

• to recover FROM (an illness) - recuperarse de
• to OVERCOME - superar
• get OVER (an illnes/ a breakope) - recuperarse / superar
• cravings - "mono" (de tabaco, chocholate...)
• wipe OUT - erradicar / destruir
• to feast ON - atiborrarse / darse in festín

WORD + PREPOSITION

• demand FOR - demanda de
• increase IN - incremento en
• revolution IN - revolución en
• use OF - uso de
• solution TO - solución para
• ban ON - prohibición de
• protection FROM - protección de

UNIT 2 - A healthy future

PHRASAHL VERBS

• To pull (something) OFF - lograr
• To go ON (going on - happening) - continuar o algo que pasa
• To pull THROUGH - tirar/seguir para delante
• To look AFTER (to take care of) - estara detrás de o preocuparse
• To turn (someone) DOWN (to reject) - rechazar
• To carry OUT (to follow) - seguir
• To come DOWN WITH (an illness) - caer enfermo
• To cheer UP - alegrarse o alegrar a alguien
• To pass OUT (to faint) - desmayarse
• To pass AWAY (to die) - morir
• To call OFF (to postpone) - cancelar para posponer
• To show UP (to appear) - aparecer
• To show OFF - presumir
• To come ROUND (to pay a visit) - pasarse un rato
• To kick IN - hacer efecto
• To break OUT - estallar (aparecer de repente)
• To run INTO (somebody) - encontrarse con alguien

UNIT 2 - A healthy future

• gut - intestino
• overreact - reaccinar exageraradamente
• stage - fase / etapa
• boost - aumentar
• go beyond (verb+ing) - ir tras (una acción)
• To GET OUT OF HAND = to be hard to control
• To HEAT UP = to increase the temperature
• To SPOIL = to damage
• To USE UP = acabar con todo
• to take pride IN = preocupase por
• for the benefit OF = en beneficio de
• need protection FROM = protección de (algo negativo)
• need protection BY = protección por parte de
• the effects OF = los efectos de
• play a role IN = tener un papel en
• in the search FOR (sth.) = en la búsqueda de
• To fly OUT = irse (en avión)

UNIT 3 - That's entertainment!

FILMS AND ENTERTAINMENT

• outrageous - indignante
• to outnumeber - superar numéricamente
• box-office hit - éxito de taquilla
• Stunts - acrobacias
• Script - guión
• Character - personaje
• dubbed - doblada (voz)
• filmgoers - espectdores
• cast - actores de la película
• fast-paced - rápidamente
• to be worth seeing - merece la pena de ver
• wise - sabio
• baby boom - was borned after the World War II
• to stand OUT - destacar
• by leaps and bounds - a grandes pasos
• figures - cifras

UNIT 3 - That's Entertainment!

WORDS FROM THE LISTENING

• discover - find out
• pursue your dreams - chase your dreams
• make - marca de coche
• to dare - retar (I dare you to do it) / atraverse (I (don't) dare do it)
• to give (somenone) SOME / A PIECE OF (1) advice
• the faster we went, the easier the steering was.

UNIT 4 - World of work

• perks - beneficios (a parte del sueldo) de trabjar en una empresa
• clerk - administrativo
• deadline - fecha de entrega límite
• field - campo / área (ex: Which is your field of expertise?)
• fond of (keen on) - aficionado a
• glare - fulminar con la mirada
• make one's mind up - decidirse
• mumble - murmullar
• nonsense - sin sentido
• out of work (unemployed) - sin trabajo
• overtime - horas extra
• part-time - media jornada
• full-time - jornada completa
• people skills - habilidades
• position - puesto
• qualifications - calificaciones/títulos

UNIT 4 - World of work

• reherse - ensayar
• reliable (trustworthy) - de fiar
• resignation - dimisión
• rewarding - gratificante
• (pay) rise - subida (salarial)

• seasonal - de temporada
• shift - turno
• to be ON sick leave - estar de baja por enfermedad
• to be ON maternity leave - estar
• motherhood - maternidad
• slave - esclavo
• steady job - trabajo estable
• dead-end job - trabajo sin futuro
• teamwork - trabajo en equipo
• trace - rastrear
• wage - salario

UNIT 4 - World of work

• work (one's) way up - ascender por tus propios medios
• a must - obligación
• applicant - solicitante
• housekeeping - cuidado del hogar
• internship - periodo de prueba interno
• outing - excursión
• quality - calidad
• qualifications - cualidades

• staff - personal
• strengths - puntos fuertes
• weaknesses - debilidades
• have the time of one's life - tener/estar el mejor momento de la vida

UNIT 4 - World of work

IDIOMS

• rushed off our feet - ir apresurado
• go on strike - ponerse en huelga
• make a living - ganarse la vida
• managerial - generencial (de gestión)
• get fired / get the sack - ser despedido "me han pegado la patada"
• rat race - lucha por adelantar
• get paid peanuts - ser pagado una miseria
• learn the ropes - hacerse con ello
• call it a day - dar por terminado / concluido
• pull one's weight - poner de (su) parte
• get your foot in the door - oportunidad de crecer en un futuro
• tricks of the trade - gajes del oficios
• room for advancement - posibilidad de ascender

UNIT 4 - World of work

OTHER WORDS

• thoroughtly - minuviodsmi
• burnt out (exhausted) - agotado
• to rely ON = to depend ON - depender de
• managerial - generencial (de gestión)

EXPRESSIONS"I beg to differ" - "discrepo" I resent her - me da envidia/estoy resentida con

UNIT 5 - Law and order

• TO STEAL - robar
• to rob - atracar (con amenazas)
• robbery - atraco
• robber - atracador
• to shoplift - "mangar"
• shoplifting - robo de una tienda
• shoplifter - ladroncillo de tienda
• to burgle - allar una morada
• burglary - allanamiento de morada
• burglar - ladrón de casas
• to pickpocket - robar carteras
• pickpocketing - robo de cartera
• pickpocketer - carterista
• to mug (people) - atracar
• mugging - atraco a una persona
• to assault - asaltar (atracar con violencia)

UNIT 5 - Law and order

• to fine - multar
• offender - delincuente
• offence - delito
• enforce - hacer que se cumpla la ley
• to comply WITH smth. (to obey) - obedecer

• to be charged with - ser imputado(condenado) con (1año de cárcel)
• cell - celda

• demostration - manifestación
• court - tribunal / corte
• trial - juicio
• convicted OF - condenado a
• defy - desafiar

• grabbed - atrapar rápidamente o a la fuerta
• go straight - seguir las normas
• guilty - culpable

UNIT 5 - Law and order

• crack down (on) - parar o acabar con algo
• cover one's tracks - borrar tu rastro
• caught red-handed - coger con las manos en la masa
• speeding - conducir demasiado deprisa
• above board - por encima del tablero / sin rodeos

PHRASAL VERBS

• take OFF - aterrizar o pirarse
• give AWAY - donar / revelar
• bring UP - mecionar/sacar a colación o educar / apoyar
• put (smn) DOWN - menuspreciar o bajar/dejar en el suelo / anotar rápido
• break IN - entrar o aparecer de repente
• turn IN - irse a la cama ; turn (smn/myself) IN - delatar o entragar (a la poli)
• go ON - continuar ; going ON - happening
• take (smth) OFF - quitarse/desprenderse ; take off - partir
• look (smth) UP - buscar información ; look (smn) UP - visitar
• brush UP ON (ex: my german)- refrescar
• pick UP (tricks of the trade) - recoger o aprender (gajes del oficio)
• back UP - apoyar/hacer copia de seguridad/conducir hacia atrás

UNIT 5 - Law and order

IDIOMS

• to TURN a blind eye - hacer la vista gorda
• to TURN a deaf ear - hacer oidos sordos
• to be ON the run - a la fuga
• to let smn OFF the hook - dejar que se libre / perdonar

• to comply WITH smth. (to obey) - obedecer

• to mend one's ways - empezar hacer las cosas bien / rectificar
• above board - legal
• to get away with murder - "salirse de rositas"
• it's daylight robbery - es un robo (muy caro)
• it's a steal / bargain - es un chollo o ganga (muy barato)

UNIT 5 - Law and order

READING felon - delincuenteto flee (fled) - escapar fleeting moment - momento fugaz to track somebody down - localizar in haste - rápido or hastily/briefly- rápidamente

• term - palabra / frase
• bypass - evitar o regla / obstrucción
• to form a pool OF resources - formar un grupo
• to form a pool OF cash - formar un fondo de efectivo
• breed - dejar que se libre / perdonar

• gambling - juegos de apuestas
• think through a problem - pensar en un problema

• think through a proposal - pensar sobre una propuesta

UNIT 6 - Living down

VIDEO gate - portón/puerta (exterior) door - puerta (interior) flood - inundación sea level - nivel del mar to rise - crecer to raise (+object) - aumentar arise - surgir (ex: a lot of problems arisen) READING trample - pisotear to lean - inclinarse layers - capas plain - llanura

UNIT 6 - Living down

WORDLIST to dump - verter o dejar tirado flooding - inundación (hecho de que algo se ha inundado) hazardous - dañino moisture - humedad (non-countable) landfill - vertedero large-scale - a gran escala (ex: Covid costed large-scale damaged) small-scale - a pequeña escala waste - desechos/basura/residuos soil - terreno o tierra (ex: The soil has been damaged) leak - fuga de agua

UNIT 6 - Living down

BINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS give or take - mas o menos black and white - blanco o negro loud and clear - alto y claro now or never - ahora o nunca pros and cons - pros y contras rain or shine - llueva o truene safe on sound - sano y salvo tried and tested - muy probado sick and tired - harto sink or swim - sálvese quien pueda/vida o muerte sooner or later - tarde o temprano now and then - cada dos por tres plain and simple - así de simple/claro

UNIT 6 - Living down

VERBS+PREPOSITION to be named AFTER - nombrado por (ex: I was named Mónica after my grandmother) to dissapear FROM - desaparecer de to knock DOWN - derribar noquear to lean ON (smn) - apoyarse en (alguien) to be faced WITH - enfrentarse a to consist OF - consistir en to benefit FROM - beneficiarse de (ex: Everyone benefited from building the park to get rid OF - deshacerse de to expose (smth) TO - exponer a to be exposed TO (smth) - estar expuesto a to be insulated FROM - estar aislado del frío o calor to stand (smn) UP - dar plantón

UNIT 6 - Living down

BINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS give or take - mas o menos black and white - blanco o negro loud and clear - alto y claro now or never - ahora o nunca pros and cons - pros y contras rain or shine - llueva o truene safe on sound - sano y salvo tried and tested - muy probado sick and tired - harto sink or swim - sálvese quien pueda/vida o muerte sooner or later - tarde o temprano now and then - cada dos por tres plain and simple - así de simple/claro

grammar

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tenses

future simple

present simple

I wrote a book in 1989. She didn't worked in a hospital, she was a layer. He went to Anna's pool last night. They won the championship.

Future actions or intentions

WILL + verb (inf) BE GOING TO + verb (inf)

Routines, shedules, statements

verb (inf)

I will help you with that. I think I will visit my grandma. He is going to visit ther mother on Saturday. They are going to eat chicken.

I write books. She works in a hospital. He usually goes to Anna's pool They never win any championship. She doesn't wake up at 7am every morning.

past simple

Past actions that are finished

RV: verb + ed IRRV: verb (2nd column)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

I was wirting a book at that moment. That morning, she was studying English. You were reading in your room while they were playing outside.

aM/is/are

aM/is/are

VERB (-ing)

VERB (-ing)

An action that will happen in the future

An action that is happening at the moment (now)

This weeking, I am travelling to Murcia. She is coming to our party on Saturday. They are joining this Friday's event.

I am wirting a book at the moment. Now, she is studying English. You are reading in your room while they are playing outside.

PAST CONTINUOUS

VERB (-ing)

WAS/WEre

An action that was happening at a moment in the past (then)

PRESENT perfect

FUTURE perfect

I had writen 13 books when I started writing the last one. She had studied English before she studied Spanish They had read some examples when the teacher entered.

will have

haVE/HAS

VERB (3rd column)

VERB (3rd column)

An action that will have the result in the future

An action that happened in the past but you can see the results in the present

On 2027, I will have finished my degree. She won't have finished the project by next week. Will they have finished by the end of the month?

I have writen 14 books. She has studied English 7 years. They have read some examples.

PAST perfect

VERB (3rd column)

had

An action that happened in the past before another past action

PRESENT perfectCONTINUOUS

FUTURE perfectCONTINUOUS

I had been writing my whole life until I stopped. She had been studying English before she started with Spanish. They had read some examples when the teacher entered.

will have

VERB (ing)

haVE/HAS BEEN

VERB (ing)

An action that will be happening until a time in the future

An action that happened in the past but you still have the results in the present

PAST perfectCONTINUOUS

On 2027, I will have been studying in university for 5 years. She will have been watching television for 3 hours when you come. Will they have been working there for 20 years on Monday?

I have been writing books the whole afternoon. She has been studing English for 7 years. They have been reading since 8 o'clock.

had BEEN

VERB (ing)

An action that happened for a period of time in the past before another past action

vs

future simple

be going to

- Planned action - Something about to happen - Prediction (present evidence)

- Spontaneous action - Prediction (personal opinons) - Timetables

Examples: I am going to visit my aunt next Friday. Get back! The bomb is going to explode. She is going to study harder next year. I'm seeing dark clouds, it is going to rain. We are going to have an exam. They are going to buy a new house. He is going to write a novel. Be careful! The bee is going to bite you.

Examples: Ben will sing a good song. We will win the match today. Next year, I will buy a new car. I will read the newspaper when I get there. I think it will rain. Your mother will love you forever. I will close the window, it's starting to rain. I won't stay here long.

PRESENT TENSES

PAST TENSES

FUTURE TENSES

grammar tips

WOULD RATHER + VERB I would rather (do something) I would rather NOT (do something) I'd rather you DIDN'T (do something) REPORTED SPEECH Marcos: "What is your favourite type?" Marcos asked me what my favourite type was. WRITINGS Labour market = mercado laboral among the people

ORAL PRESENTATIONS I entered the room (NO TO) Everyone brought their books except FOR him To quit a job = rechazar un trabajo wanted /wantit/ or started /startit/ parked /parkt/ or worked /workt/ EXAM willing (dispuesto) vs reluctant (reticente) dismissive of the rules = "pasar de las reglas" dismiss = rechazar peak/high season vs off season

The guide had been showing the city to them --> They had been being shown the city by the guide.

evau exams

SYNONYMS rise/increase/growth - crecimiento dependence / reliance - dependencia (to rely/depend ON - depender de)

ORAL PRESENTATIONS IN the long run (NOT on the long run) EXAM (writings) NOT arenn't --> are not IN our daily lives (NOT on) telling myself I am (NOT saying that I'm) less pollution (uncountable) vs fewer jobs (countable)

ERROS orbit - orbiting IN th night sky AT the weekend - ON weekends

"Enjoy every aspect of your llife" --> Dr Bono tell us to enjoy every aspect of our life.

TIPS

EXAM + WRITING a series - una serie broadcast - emitir en la TV worth seeing (NOT worthseeing) cannot (NOT can not) suggested / recommended + ING

to outnumber - superar en número ex: Males outnumber females

more unhappy (NOT unhappier)half of people (NOT the half or a half) Yo suelo --> I usually go... Yo solía --> I used to go to... Estoy acostumbrado --> I am used to going to...

CONDITIONALS

second conditional

zero conditional

first conditional

third conditional

Zero conditional

General truths and habits

IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE

If you add two and two, you get four. If you touch a fire, you get burned. If babies are tired, they cry.

First conditional

Posible or likely things in the future

IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + VERB (INF.)

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. If you study hard, you will pass your exams. If she doesn’t leave soon, she will miss the bus.

WILL + VERB (INF.)IF + PRESENT SIMPLE

We will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.You will pass your examps if you study hard. She will miss the bus if she doesn’t leave soon.

Second conditional

Impossible things in the present or unlikely things in the future

IF+PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + VERB (INF.)

If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world. If it rained tomorrow, we would stay at home. If she didn’t leave soon, she would miss the bus.

WOULD + VERB (INF.)IF+PAST SIMPLE

I would travel around the world if I won the lottery. We would stay at home if it rained tomorrow. She would miss the bus if she didn’t leave soon.

Third conditional

Impossible things in the present or unlikely things in the future

IF+PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE

If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. If she had left later, she would have missed the bus. If I had won the lottery, I would have travelled around the world.

WOULD HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE IF+PAST PERFECT

I would have passed the exam if I had studied harder. She would have missed the bus if she had left later. I would have travelled around the world if I had won the lottery.

Time clauses

WHENUNTIL AS SOON AS ONCE BEFORE AFTER WHILE

WILLIMPERATIVE SHOULD COULD,CAN MUST MIGHT

+ PRESENT SIMPLE

When I'm 69, I will/should retire. As soon as you arrive, call me.Until you all finish, nobody can leave. Before you come, you must call me. Once she arrives, she might be schocked.

It is formed like the first conditional, and we used it fore future facts.

If only/wish clauses

I wish I were funnier .If only I were funnier.

IF ONLY/WISH + PAST SIMPLE

IF ONLY/WISH + PAST CONTINUOUS

I wish they were waiting for me.If only they were waiting for me.

IF ONLY/WHIS + PAST PERFECT

I wish I were funnier.If only I were funnier.

IF ONLY/WISH + WOULD/COULD/SHOULD +VERB (INF.)

I wish I were funnier.If only I were funnier.

To express desire (wish)or regret (if only)

PASSIVE VOICE

Active: My grandfather planted this tree. Passive: This tree was planted by my father

causative

GET + (sth) + PAST PARTICIPLE

I got my car fixed I am getting my hair cut I will get my dress customized I have had my bag repaired

I had my mother buy me clothes. I got my mother to buy me clothes. or I will have my sister let me the shirt. I will get my sister to let me the shirt.

HAVE + (sth) + PAST PARTICIPLE

I had my car fixed I am having my hair cut I will have my dress customized I have had my bag repaired

infinitiveS VS GERUNDS

VERBS + TO (Inf)

VERBS + ing

avoid, consider, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, finish, miss, postpone, recommend , suggest

afford, agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hesitate, promise, learn, manage, offer, plan, hope, refuse, seem, want, wish

be/get used to, be worth, can't help, can't stand, don't/wouldn't mind, feel like, it's no use, look forward to, see myself

advise, encourage, help, invite, persuade, teach, tell, warn

+ OBJECT (me/him/them...)

I always avoid going to partys. I recomend taking online classes. I can't stand feeling sad anymore. I wouldn't mind telling you the truth. I don't see myself dancing in front of you.

I advise her to go to your party. I have always chosen to stay home. I promise not to tell her.

RELATIVE clauses

DEFINING

Essential information (NO commas)

NON-DEFINING

Additional information (between commas)(NO that)

WH0/THAT (people) WHICH/THAT (objects, animals...) WHEN/THAT (moment in time) WHERE (particular place) WHOSE (possessions)

WH0 (people) WHICH (objects, animals...) WHEN (moment in time) WHERE (particular place) WHOSE (possessions)

She is the actress who/that plays the leading role Harry, who is a doctor, has travelled to New York.

The person to whom I wrote is nice (FORMAL) The person who/that/- I wrote to is nice (INFORMAL)

pronouns

BY mylsef = ON my own BY yourfelf = ON your own BY itself = ON its own BY himself = ON his own BY herself = ON her own BY ourselves = ON our own BY yourselves = ON your own BY themselves = ON their own

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I - my - myself You - your -yourself It - it - itself He - his - himself She - her - herself We - our - ourselves You - your - yourselves They - their - themselves

I did it myself You can do it yourself This chairs automatically adjusts itself He cut himself with a knife She bought herself a tablet We thanks ourselves for that You should prepare yourselves for what is coming They had a great time. They enojoyed themselves

MODAL VERBS

CAN - ability, request, possibility, suggestion BE ABLE TO - ability, possibility CAN'T - inability, prohibition, disbelief, deduction COULD - disbelief MAY/MIGHT - possibility MUST - obligation / MUSTN'T - prohibition SHOULD/OUGHT TO - advice, opinion HAVE TO/NEED TO - necessity, obligation DON'T HAVE TO/NEED TO or NEEDN'T TO - lack of obligation/necessity WOULD - formal request, offer

MODAL + verb (INF/+ing) Ex: He needn't bring all his boolks He may/might be visiting Thailand

MODAL PERRFECT VERBS

COULD HAVE - possibility to do something that wasn't done CAN'T/COULDN'T HAVE - certainty that something didn't happened MAY/MIGHT HAVE - guess or possibility that something was true MUST HAVE - certainty or logical conclusion something in the past SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE - criticism or regret after an event SHOULDN'T HAVE - criticism or regret after an event NEEDN'T HAVE - no obligation or necessity to have done something WOULD HAVE - desire to do something that wasn't done

Ex: He needn't have brought the books yesterday. He can't have gone to work, as she's on holiday

MODAL + HAVE + verb (3rd column)

REPORTED SPEECH

ORDERS: (told/ordered me) - (Don't)Take your bag! She told me (not) to take my bag. QUESTIONS: (asked me) - How was your holiday? She asked me how my family had been. STATEMENTS: (said that) - I am travelling next month to NY. She said she was travelling the following month to NY.

REPORTED SPEECH

SUGGESTIONS: (told/ordered me) - We should take my bag! She suggested taking her bag. REQUEST: (asked me) - Please, can you help me? She asked me if I could help her. She asked me to help her. REMEMBER: (told me to remember) - Remember to study hard!. She told me to remember to study hard.

REPORTED SPEECH

PROMISE: (promised to) - I will take your bag! She promised that she would take my bag. Examples: - “Do you usually cook at home?”She ____________ She asked me if I usually cooked at home. - “I would have visited the hospital, if I had known you were sick”She ________ She said that she would have visited the hospital, if she had known I was sick.

WRITINGS

FOR AND AGAINST

INFORMATIVE

4 paragraphs

• Introduction: Nowadays (topic) is...
• Advantages (2): On the one hand...
• Disadvantages (2): On the oder hand...
• Conclusion: Personally, I believe that...

4 paragraphs

• Introduction: Nowadays (topic) is...
• First of all...
• In addition/furthermore/moreover...
• Conclusion: To sum up...

OPINION (discuss)

DESCRIPTIVE

WRITINGS

4 paragraphs

• Introduction: (topic)is/are...
• Ideas: include examples
• Conclusion: To sum up...

(include peoples thoughts "some people think that..." and say if you agree or not with it)

4 paragraphs

• O: Opinion
• R: Reasons
• E: Examples
• O: Opinion in other words

(include peoples thoughts "some people think that..." and say if you agree or not with it)

WRITING #1 - FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using social media. Nowadays, social media is the main point of many people’s lives because of the amount of discoveries, chances and entertainment that it generates. However, this has its consequences. On the one hand, people who use social media as a business tool are in the right, because it has helped small businesses a lot, since when people are starting social media provides a lot of visibility and new clients for them. It is also a great solution for boredom. Moreover, it is the best way for single people to get to know others without the necessity of hanging out. On the other hand, social media can become addictive, especially for teenagers who spend more time on a screen than outside. Another bad point that we need to take into account when we are talking with someone through an app, is the risk of being deceived by a false account who probably will not have good intentions. Personally, I believe that social media has a lot of advantages, but if we can keep it controlled. Parents should show their children the social media downsides before downloading any app.

WRITING #2 - INFORMATIVE ESSAY

What would you like to do if you had the opportunity to take a gap year? Explain. Nowadays, the vast majority of teenagers choose university after school instead of other academic options. However, there are people who have the opportunity to take a gap year, which means 12 months in another country where you will gain job experience and independence. First of all, If I had that opportunity, I would say "yes" without thinking twice. Not just because of the idea of travelling to another country, it is also the fact that it is a great aid before getting started on the labour market or the university. Furthermore, being alone for a year would improve my daily abilities. In addition, it will probably be one of the best experiences of my life and probably the most different, as not anyone can afford it. Some people think it is hard to be far from your family, but I totally disagree with them. I believe that it is fantastic to test yourself and see if you can get along with new people, imagine how many friends you may meet! To sum up, I wish my parents offered me this opportunity next year. I would feel blessed and so enthusiastic to set off on an adventure.

WRITING #3 - DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

What is your favourite book? Describe it and say why you like it so much. Books are thought to be the best way of entertaining many people. The vast majority of society reads books often, because they find it interesting, relaxing or peaceful. Normally, readers have a favourite book, but in my case, I have an author who inspires me with every single book he writes. However, if I had to choose one, that would be “Is it impossible or scary?”. I hadn’t read any serious books until I discovered this one. It is based on a real story that took place in London in 1914. The plot of the book is about a family who learned how to live without fear after they had suffered a terrible episode. This book showed me the downsides of life and how to deal with them. It talks about many topics but on the whole, it makes you think about what you are doing wrong in your life because of fear, that sometimes stops us from doing what we would like to do. I encourage everyone to read it, not only adults, but also kids, who may change their mind in order to make better decisions in the future.

WRITING #4 - OPINION ESSAY

Should we become vegetarians? Explain. Nowadays, the percentage of people who have become vegetarian has increased a lot in the last few years. Personally, I believe this is great news, due to the fact that I am in agreement with the decision of becoming vegetarian, but I don’t think it’s totally necessary. First of all, If I had the courage to start avoiding meat, fish and pork, I would obviously try it. Nevertheless, I love eating, and the lack of this type of food wouldn’t be easy for me. Despite this, I am thinking of starting to cut down on meat consumption, basically because I am not a meat lover like my family. My mother has twice tried becoming vegetarian but she hasn’t succeeded. People who are thinking of becoming vegetarian should read information about the side effects and how to keep healthy without these proteins. In addition, there are many issues about the treatment that is given to animals in manufactures, which sometimes is terrible. Maybe if we reduce our consumption of this food, the factories will notice it and change the way they take care of animals. To sum up, I wish everyone who wants to enter the vegetarian world take all the points into consideration, but honestly, I don’t think vegetarian life is necessary for everyone. However, I encourage everyone who wants to test it.

WRITING #5 - FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY

WRITING #6 - FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY

WRITING #7 - DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

WRITING #8 - OPINION ESSAY

WRITING #9 - OPINION ESSAY

Can cheating ever be acceptable?

¡GRACIAS!