Review of tenses

Review of tenses

The present tenses pages 2-3

The past tenses pages 4-5

The perfect tenses pages 6-8

The future tenses pages 9-10

The present tenses

Time expressions now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, these days, this month, this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next Friday/week/year, etc.

The present continous

Spelling of -ing forms -When a verb ends in a single e, this e is dropped before ing: argue - arguing hate - hating love - loving except after: age - ageing dye - dyeing singe - singeing and verbs ending in ee: agree - agreeing see - seing -When a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single consonant, this consonant is doubled before -ing: hit - hitting run - running stop - stopping -Verbs of two or more syllables whose last syllable contains only one vowel and ends in a single consonant, double this consonant if the stress falls on the last syllable: ad'mit - admitting be'gin - beginning pre'fer - preferring -A final l after a single vowel is always doubled: signal - signalling travel - travelling --ing can be added to a verb ending in y without affecting the spelling of the verb. carry - carrying enjoy - enjoying hurry - hurrying

Present tense of the auxiliary verb be + verb -ing + I am working. / I'm working. - She is not working. / She's not working. / She isn't working. ? Are you working? Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. Uses -Actions happening now. It is rainning. / I am not wearing a coat as it isn't cold. -A temporary action. He's teaching French and learning Greek. -A definite plan for the near future. I'm meeting Peter tonight. Stative verbs are not normally used in the continuous tenses. -Verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, look, taste, etc. -Verbs expressing feelings and emotions: admire, adore, hate, like, etc. -Verbs of mental activity: agree, believe, realize, mean, know, feel, etc. -Verbs of possession: belong, owe, own, possess, etc.

The present simple

Spelling notes -Verbs ending in ss, sh, ch, x and o add es, instead of s alone, to form the third person singular. I kiss - he kisses I watch - he watches I go - she goes I do - she does -When y follows a consonant we change the y into i and add es. I carry - he carries I copy - he copies I try - he tries but verbs ending in y following a vowel obey the usual rule. I obey - he obeys I say - he says

-s for the 3rd person sing. + I work. / She works. - She does not work. / She doesn't work. / I don't work. / I do not work. ? Do you work? Yes, I do. / No, I don't. Does she work? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. Uses -Habits , routines and habitual actions. -A general truth or a scientific fact. He smokes. / Cats drink milk. / Dogs bark. / How often do you wash your hair? It rains in winter. / I go to church on Sundays. -It can be used instead of the present continuous with verbs which cannot be used in the continuous form, e.g. love, see, believe, etc. I love you but not I am loving you. -It can be used for a planned future action or series of actions, particularly when they refer to a journey. We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00.

Time expressions always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, at 1 o'clock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often...?, etc.

The past tenses

-regular verbs: infinitive + -ed -irregular verbs: check the past simple column SB page 124-125. + I worked. / She worked. / I ate. / She ate. - She did not work. / She didn't work. / I didn't eat. / I did not eat. ? Did you work? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. Did she leave? Yes, she did. / No, she didn't. Uses -A completed action in the past at a definite time. I met him yesterday. / Pasteur died in 1895. / When did you meet him? -It is also used for a past habit. He always carried an umbrella. / They never drank wine.

The past simple

Spelling notes -Verbs ending in e add d only. to love - loved -When y followys a consonant we change the y into i and add ed. I carry - he carried I copy - he copied I try - he tried but verbs ending in y following a vowel doesn't change. I obey - he obeyed -The rules about doubling the final consonant when adding -ing apply also when adding -ed. admit - admitted stop - stopped travel - travelled

Time expressions yesterday, last week/year, two days ago, in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 18th century, when, then, etc.

Past tense of the verb to be + v.-ing + She was working at 10 o'clock yesterday . - She wasn't working at 10 o'clock yesterday. / She was not working at 10 o'clock yesterday. ? Was she working at 10 o'clock yesterday? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't. Uses -An incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past. Sam was reading at 5 o'clock. -Used without a time expression. It can indicate gradual development. It was getting darker / The wind was rising. -An incomplete action interrupted by another action. When I was walking home, it started to rain. -Two incomplete actions in progress at the same time in the past. She was upoading some videos while we were posting our latest photos.

The past continuous

-If we write a time expression with a verb in the simple past tense, we convey the idea that the action in the past continuous started before the action in the simple past and probably continued after it. When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone. When I arrived X . . . . . . . __________ . . . . . . . Tom was talking on the phone When he saw me, he put the receiver down. (successive actions) -We use the continuous tense in descriptions. Note the combination of description (past continuous) with narrative (simple past). A wood fire was burning on the hearth and a cat was sleeping in front of it. A girl was playing the piano and (was) singing softly to herself. Suddenly there was a knock on the door. The girl stopped playing. The cat woke up. Spelling notes (the same as the present continuous)

Time expressions last night/week/year, at 4 o'clock, when, while, etc.

The perfect tenses

Time expressions never, ever, already, just, yet, recently, lately, how long...?, for, since, today, this morning / week / year, in recent years, etc.

have + past participle + I have worked this morning. - She has not worked this morning. / She hasn't worked this morning. ? Have you worked this morning? Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. Has she worked this morning? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't. The past participle in regular verbs has exactly the same form as the simple past. In irregular verbs, the form vary (check the past participle column in the list SB page 124-125.) Uses -An action that began in the past and continues until the present. We have lived in Ireland for two years. -An action that took place at an undertermined time in the past but it is connected to the present. Have you had breakfast? No, I haven't had it yet. -Recent actions in the present perfect often have results in the present. The lift has broken down. (We have to use the stairs). -It is used with just for a recently completed action. He has just gone out. = He went out a few minutes ago. Has he just gone out? It's not normally used in the negative.

The present perfect simple

-Actions expressed by the present perfect + yet usually have results in the present. He hasn't come yet. (so we are still waiting for him) -Actions occurring in an incomplete period which my be indicated by today, this morning / week / year, lately, recently, etc. He hasn't been here lately/recently. My alarm clock didn't go off this morning. -We can use it with: for + a period of time / since + a point in time -Never, ever, already and just are placed between have and the past participle. Yet is always placed at the end. + just, never and already They have already talked face-to-face. - yet Has she informed you about the new social media site yet? ? already, ever, yet and just Have you ever been terrified of something? -How long...? to ask how long is the action that still continues. How long has he lived abroad? I've worn glasses for ten years. (I'm still wearing glasses) I have smoked since I left school (I still smoke) This is the worst book, I have ever read.

The past perfect simple

The present perfect continuous

have been + verb -ing + I have been working here for a year. / He has been working here for a year. - She hasn't been working here for a year. / I haven't been working here for a year. ? Has she been working here for a year? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't. Have you been working here for a year? Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. Uses -An action which began in the past and which still continues in the present or has only just finished (results are still apparent). I've been waiting for an hour and he still hasn't turned up. I'm so sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long? -Differences between the present perfect simple and continuous. He's been taking photos (he's probably still carrying his camera) but He has taken photos. (this action may or may not be very recent).

had + past participle + I had worked. / I'd worked. / She had eaten cheese. - I had not worked. / I hadn't worked. / She had not eaten cheese./ ? Had you worked? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't. Had she eaten cheeese? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't. The past participle in regular verbs has exactly the same form as the simple past. In irregular verbs the form vary (check the past participle column in the list SB page 124-125.) Uses -It is the past equivalent of the present perfect. PRESENT: Ann has just left. If you hurry you'll catch her. PAST: When I arrived Ann had just left. -It can be used with since/for/always for an action which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished. He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married. His children were now at school. -It is used together with the past simple and the past perfect simple action normally happened before the past simple action (past of the past). Tom was 23 when our story begins. His father had died five years before and since then Tom had lived alone.

Time expressions already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just, etc.

Time expressions for a year, since 2012, how long...?, all night/morning/day/week, etc.

The past perfect continuous

had been+ v.-ing + I had been working. / I'd been working. - I had not been working. / I hadn't been working. ? Had I been working? Yes, I had./ No, I hadn't. Uses -An action began before the time of speaking in the past, and continued up to that time, or stopped just before it, we can often use either form. It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn. = It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn. -A repeated action in the past perfect can sometimes be expressed as a continuous action by the past perfect continuous. He had tried five times to get her on the phone. He had been trying to get her on the phone. -But there's a difference between a single action in the simple past perfect and an action in the past perfect continuous. By six o'clock he had repaired the engine. ( This job had been completed.) He had been repairing the engine. ( It tells us how he had spent the previous hour/half hour, et. It doesn't tell us whether or not the job was completed.)

The future

Time expressions this evening, tomorrow, next month/year, later, in an hour, at 2 o'clock, soon, in the future, in a few weeks, etc.

The future simple

There aren't any matches in the house. Ann might reply either I'm going to get some today (premeditated decision) or I'll get some today (unpremeditated decision). The first would imply that some time before this conversation she realized that there were no matches and decided to buy some. The second would imply that she had not previously decided to buy matches but took the decision now, immediately after Tom's remark.

Will + Infinitive + The phone is ringing. -I'll answer it. / I will work. - I will not/won't work. ? Will I work? Yes, I will. - No, I will not/won't. Uses -Spontaneous decisions, timetables and schedules. The film will start in an hour. -Predictions and future announcements. You will be thrilled with this innovatiove device.

The present simple

Be going to

-A definite future arrangement and timetibles. The boys start school on Monday. / The train leaves at 5 p.m.

Be going to + infinitive +I'm going to buy a bicycle. - I'm not going to buy a bicycle. ? Are you going to buy a bicycle. Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. Uses -A premeditated intention and a plan in a near future. He's going to be a dentisht when he grows up. -Prediction when you have an evidence. Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.

The present continuous

-It can express a definite arrangement in the near future. I'm taking an exam in October. I'm going home tonight.

Future perfect simple

Future continuous

Will have + past participle +I will have worked. -I won't have worked. ?Will you have worked? Yes, I will. - No, I won't. Uses -An action that will or that we expect will be completed by a certain future time. By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years.

Will be + v.-ing +I will be working next summer. -I will not/won't be working next summer. ?Will I be working next summer? Yes, I will. / No, I won't. Uses -An action that will be or that we expect will be in progress at a certain future time. -Future plans. -It is normally used with a point in time, and expresses an action which starts before that time and probably continues after it. Imagine a class of students at this moment -11.30 a.m. Now they are sitting in their classroom. They are listening to a tape. This time tomorrow (Saturday) they will be sitting in the cinema. They will be watching a film.

Time expressions by then, by that time, by the 24th, by 2 o'clock, in four months, etc.

Future perfect continuous

Time expressions at this time tomorrow, on Thursday, next, etc.

Time expressions (at) this time tomorrow / next ... , on Thursday, in the next decade, fifty years from now, etc.

Will have been+ v-ing + By the end of the year, he will have been working for 30 years. - By the end of the year, he will not (won't) have been working for 30 years.. ? By the end of the year, will he have been working for 30 years? Yes, he will. / No, he will not (won't). Uses -Actions that will continue up until a point in the future. By the end of this year, he will have been acting for thirty years.