AP BIO Quiz Review Ch 1-4

AP BIO INTERACTIVE REVIEW

Chapters 1-4Quiz on 9/15

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Chapters

Many of the elements are interactive and will expand when you hover over them. Click them for more explanations, examples, and videos!

Chapter 1

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 4

Super Important Biochemistry Thing to Remember: Structure determines function!

Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

Energy and Matter

DNA/Genomics

Levels of Organization

Characteristics of Life

Scientific Process

Classifying Species

Feedback Mechanisms

Characteristics of Life

R- C- M- H- H-

Reproduction- ability to reproduce

Cells- cellular organization

Metabolism- all chemical processes

Heredity- same genetic material (DNA); able to be passed down

Homeostasis- maintain stable internal conditions

Others include... - energy processing - evolutionary adaptation - regulation - growth and development - responses to environmental stimuli

Video Review

Levels of Organization

DNA/Genomics

DNA is nucleotide sequences of genetic information

Genes are sections of DNA that encode protein products through the process of gene expression

A genome is the entirety of an organism's genetic material

Genomics is the study/analysis of the genome

Energy and Matter

Energy flows through an ecosystem

Ex: Sunlight (light) used for producing glucose (chemical) in photosynthesis

Matter and Chemicals cycle

Ex: Biogeochemical cycles like the nitrogen cycle

Feedback Mechanisms

An end product regulates a process

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

- End product speeds up production - Generally occurs to finish a process

- Reduces the initial stimulus - Set back to homeostasis

Example: Blood Glucose

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Example: Childbirth

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Classifying Species

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya

Prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments

Eukaryotic organisms

Prokaryotic organisms

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Unicellular or multicellular organisms containing membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus

Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Pro: Before; Kary: Nucleus

Eu: True; Kary: Nucleus

Scientific Process

Inquiry is the search for information and explanations for natural phenomena

Data is recorded observations

Qualitative Data: describes what is happening Quantitative Data: numerical measurements and statistics

Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Theories

Hover over each for more information!

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life

Matter, Elements, and Compounds

Types of Chemical Bonding

Chemical Reactions

Molecular Shape

Matter, Elements, and Compounds

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. A compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

Types of Chemical Bonding

Hydrogen Bonds- attraction between hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Covalent Bonds- sharing of valence electrons between two atoms, creating a molecule

Ionic Bonds- transfer of electrons, forming ionic compounds/salts (STRONGER)

Van der Waals Interactions- accumulation of uneven charges, allowing atoms and molecules to stick together

Video Review

Molecular Shape

Larger molecules with multiple carbon atoms have more complex shapes Structure determines function Ex: receptor binding

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions are the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in composition and matter.

An example is the reaction that produces water

Chemical reactions are reversible as they only rearrange matter with the possible addition of energy. You should still have the same number and type of atoms you started with.

2H + O 2 H O

2 2 2

Reactants

Products

Chemical equilibrium is when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.

Chapter 3: Water and Life

Cohesion and Adhesion

High Specific Heat & Evaporative Cooling

Hydrogen Bonds & Polarity

Acids, Bases, and pH

Versatile Solvent

Ice Floats

Water Review Video

Hydrogen Bonds and Polarity

In water molecules there are polar covalent bonds since oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. This creates a polar molecule with uneven distribution of charge. The partial positive charge of hydrogen is attracted to the partial negative charge of oxygen. This allows water molecules to be held together by hydrogen bonds, which lead to various life-supporting properties of water.

Cohesion and Adhesion

Adhesion is water molecules clinging to other substances. Adhesion of water to cell walls helps resist the downward pull of gravity in plants.

Cohesion is water molecules linked by hydrogen bonds. Cohesion can create a water column within cells, helping with transport.

Hydrogen bonding between water and air gives water high surface tension, meaning it is hard to break the surface.

High Specific Heat & Evaporative Cooling

Evaporative cooling As liquid evaporates the remaining surface cools down.

Specific heat The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C.

Click each for a description and examples!

Ice Floats

Water is less dense as a solid. At lower temperatures molecules move slowly and hydrogen bonds can't break as easily. Each water molecule becomes bonded to four others further away than in liquid, creating a crystalline structure. This allows life to exist under frozen surfaces, insulating the environment and providing a habitat.

Versatile Solvent

Like dissolves like! Water is polar so polar molecules and ionic compounds dissolve in it. Ex: Salt

Hydrophilic = affinity for water Hydrophobic = fear of water

Acids, Bases, and pH

Base: substance that reduces the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

Acid: substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

pH is the negative logarithm base 10 of hydrogen ion concentration (-log [H+])

pH declines with an increase in H+ concentration

Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Carbon Skeletons

Organic Chemistry and Carbon

Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry and Carbon

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. A majority of biological molecules consist of carbon, including macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell so it can share electrons with four other atoms, allowing for large, complex molecules to form.

Carbon Skeletons

Carbon chains form the skeletons for many molecules. Variation in length, branching, bond position, and rings allow for the complexity of different types of matter.

Isomers

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules only consisting of carbon and hydrogen.

Isomers are compounds with the same number of atoms and elements but with different structures that create varying properties.

Structural Isomers

Cis-Trans Isomers

Enantiomers

Functional Groups

Functional groups are chemical groups with distinct properties that are attached to hydrocarbons.

Video reviewing important functional groups Stop at 3:20