The autoimmune diseases
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Overview of the pancreas gland
* The only gland that is both exocrine and endocrine in physiology.* We have groups of cells called islets of Langerhans (or pancreatic islets) which secrete hormones to regulate blood glucose levels.
* In each pancreatic islet, alpha cells (α cells) that secrete glucagons to raise blood glucose levels.
* Also, we have beta cells (β cells) secrete insulin to lower blood glucose levels. * Insulin is a hormone that helps the sugar (Glucose) enter body tissues as energy to do their work.
what happens in the normal mechanism?
Whenever the blood glucose level increases, the pancreas responds by secreting insulin. Insulin has two functions here, it converts glucose to glycogen and increases the metabolism of glucose in cells. This is how the glucose level falls and the blood sugar level goes back to normal. Normally after we eat or drink, our body will break down sugars from our food and use them for energy in our cells. To achieve this, our pancreas needs to produce a hormone called insulin. Insulin is what facilitates the process of drag sugar from the blood and putting it in the cells for use, or energy.
What is Diabetes Mellitus type 1?
Is also called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. Is an immune system disorder, our own immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells (beta cells) in the pancreas, destroying our body’s ability to make insulin. Therefore, the destruction and damage of beta cells lead to the abolition of the process of transferring glucose to the cells and tissues of the body, and therefore the hormone insulin cannot perform its function, causing the accumulation of sugar in the blood, which leads to a rise in the level of sugar in the blood.
symptoms of DIABETES MELLITUS type 1
Coma caused by ketoacidosis
An unpleasant smell in the mouth
Dehydration and extreme thirst
Body damages
As a result of high levels of glucose and ketones and their accumulation in the blood Diabetic coma can be described as partial or complete loss of consciousness.
As a result of frequent urination and the exit of large amounts of water with urine to reduce high sugar levels
That resembles the smell of rotten fruits caused by the accumulation of ketones
Over time, high sugar levels can damage nerves and small blood vessels in the eyes, kidneys and heart and make a person more susceptible to atherosclerosis, which leads to heart attacks or strokes.
Loss Weight
Insulin shock
As the glucose that is excreted in the urine takes calories with it
can be described as a feeling of dizziness, sweating and paleness.
Extreme tiredness and fatigue
Disturbance of vision
General information of Diabetes Mellitus type 1
Only 5% of people with diabetes have type 1 and it can occur at any age
It is necessary for a person to check the glucose level more than once a day, especially in the early stages, in order to determine the amount of insulin required to control the disease well.
The cause is not yet known, but genetics may play a major role in the occurrence of this disease
It is detected by assaying GAD antibodies
A patient with type 1 diabetes can also get other autoimmune diseases, like Graves’ disease or vitiligo.
Treatment is by giving the patient an injection of insulin Fast-acting insulin three times a day before each meal, in addition to another long-acting insulin before bed
The glucose level in a patient with type 1 diabetes is 126 mg or more in fasting states
Methods for treating type 1 diabetes
Currently, there are advanced devices in the form of a patch that have sensors that are inserted under the patient's skin and can give measurements of blood glucose levels continuously, which are read by the mobile phone. Also, there is a modern surgical method for treating type 1 diabetes, which is to transplant a part of the pancreas of a deceased person into the patient's abdomen, which can help secrete insulin and cure the disease once and for all. Another way to treat type 1 diabetes is through a pump containing insulin placed on the patient's waist and connected to a small needle that is inserted under the skin of the abdomen. The pump can be programmed to continuously inject insulin over 24 hours with an additional dose before each meal.
references
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011 https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-1-diabetes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B-RVybvffU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFagkcdbnxE
Thanks!
By Kholoud Khadrou
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1
Kholoud Khadrou
Created on September 4, 2021
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Transcript
The autoimmune diseases
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Overview of the pancreas gland
* The only gland that is both exocrine and endocrine in physiology.* We have groups of cells called islets of Langerhans (or pancreatic islets) which secrete hormones to regulate blood glucose levels. * In each pancreatic islet, alpha cells (α cells) that secrete glucagons to raise blood glucose levels. * Also, we have beta cells (β cells) secrete insulin to lower blood glucose levels. * Insulin is a hormone that helps the sugar (Glucose) enter body tissues as energy to do their work.
what happens in the normal mechanism?
Whenever the blood glucose level increases, the pancreas responds by secreting insulin. Insulin has two functions here, it converts glucose to glycogen and increases the metabolism of glucose in cells. This is how the glucose level falls and the blood sugar level goes back to normal. Normally after we eat or drink, our body will break down sugars from our food and use them for energy in our cells. To achieve this, our pancreas needs to produce a hormone called insulin. Insulin is what facilitates the process of drag sugar from the blood and putting it in the cells for use, or energy.
What is Diabetes Mellitus type 1?
Is also called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. Is an immune system disorder, our own immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells (beta cells) in the pancreas, destroying our body’s ability to make insulin. Therefore, the destruction and damage of beta cells lead to the abolition of the process of transferring glucose to the cells and tissues of the body, and therefore the hormone insulin cannot perform its function, causing the accumulation of sugar in the blood, which leads to a rise in the level of sugar in the blood.
symptoms of DIABETES MELLITUS type 1
Coma caused by ketoacidosis
An unpleasant smell in the mouth
Dehydration and extreme thirst
Body damages
As a result of high levels of glucose and ketones and their accumulation in the blood Diabetic coma can be described as partial or complete loss of consciousness.
As a result of frequent urination and the exit of large amounts of water with urine to reduce high sugar levels
That resembles the smell of rotten fruits caused by the accumulation of ketones
Over time, high sugar levels can damage nerves and small blood vessels in the eyes, kidneys and heart and make a person more susceptible to atherosclerosis, which leads to heart attacks or strokes.
Loss Weight
Insulin shock
As the glucose that is excreted in the urine takes calories with it
can be described as a feeling of dizziness, sweating and paleness.
Extreme tiredness and fatigue
Disturbance of vision
General information of Diabetes Mellitus type 1
Only 5% of people with diabetes have type 1 and it can occur at any age
It is necessary for a person to check the glucose level more than once a day, especially in the early stages, in order to determine the amount of insulin required to control the disease well.
The cause is not yet known, but genetics may play a major role in the occurrence of this disease
It is detected by assaying GAD antibodies
A patient with type 1 diabetes can also get other autoimmune diseases, like Graves’ disease or vitiligo.
Treatment is by giving the patient an injection of insulin Fast-acting insulin three times a day before each meal, in addition to another long-acting insulin before bed
The glucose level in a patient with type 1 diabetes is 126 mg or more in fasting states
Methods for treating type 1 diabetes
Currently, there are advanced devices in the form of a patch that have sensors that are inserted under the patient's skin and can give measurements of blood glucose levels continuously, which are read by the mobile phone. Also, there is a modern surgical method for treating type 1 diabetes, which is to transplant a part of the pancreas of a deceased person into the patient's abdomen, which can help secrete insulin and cure the disease once and for all. Another way to treat type 1 diabetes is through a pump containing insulin placed on the patient's waist and connected to a small needle that is inserted under the skin of the abdomen. The pump can be programmed to continuously inject insulin over 24 hours with an additional dose before each meal.
references
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011 https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-1-diabetes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B-RVybvffU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFagkcdbnxE
Thanks!
By Kholoud Khadrou