History of the 20th century

historY

of the 20th century

Recapitulation

• BRAINSTORM
• Characteristics of the political control exercised by Porfirio Diaz

Land, justice and freedom

when he gets home, he decides to search Google to find out about where it arises, finds that it is the result of the movement headed by Emiliano Zapata, who participated in the revolution with actions in favor of the peasants and fought to eliminate the injustices that they experienced. He also discovers that other characters such as Madero, Villa and Carranza participated, who consolidated the current Mexican state through the armed movement. What Ernesto investigates motivates him to strive to improve his family's standard of living. Ernesto decides to work and even plans to study law and defend those who live in situations similar to his father's.

Ernesto and his father hear on the radio that the town hall of their community will organize a ceremony to commemorate the beginning of the Mexican Revolution, his father makes a melancholy comment: - “The revolution served our country a lot, despite that social problems persist, such as in my case that I was unjustly fired from the garment maquila factory "- Ernesto organizes with his family to attend the commemorative parade of November 20, there he reads on a banner the phrase "Land, justice and Freedom" which, shocks him, at the end of the parade he is left with the doubt of who is the author of the phrase, so

OPEN FORUM

Which conditions gave birth to the mexican revolution?

Timeline - Background - Maderista Phase

Madero and José María Pino Suárez assumed the presidency and vice-presidency, respectively. However, his administration did not respond to the demands raised by the rebel groups.

Make a graphic organizer for each one of these events and write an opinion of it:

1. The Díaz-Creelman interview
2. The Tratados de Ciudad Juárez
3. The Plan de la Empacadora
4. The Marcha de la Lealtad
5. The Decena Trágica

We'll organize them in a timeline

Why can the Maderista Struggle be summed up in the phrase "Sugragio efectivo, no reelección"?

Armed Phase: Villa and Zapata

Timeline

With the capital practically under a state of siege, Huerta resigned from the presidency and left his foreign secretary, Francisco Carvajal, in power, who was forced to agree to the unconditional surrender of Mexico City and the absolute dissolution of the federal army in the Treaties of Teoloyucan.

Belisario Domínguez

• Huerta's defeat meant the end of the armed forces that came from the time of the Porfiriato, but not properly from the civil war.
• Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata had been deliberately excluded from the signing of the Teoloyucan Treaties.
• In an attempt to resolve the differences between the Different revolutionary factions, between October and November 1914 a convention was held in the city of Aguascalientes in which more than 150 officers from the different sides that had been part of the armed movement participated.
• Carranza opposed the agreements made by the Aguascalientes Convention and withdrew from Mexico City at the end of 1914. Thus, the conventionist government settled in the capital under the protection of the Army of the South and the Division of the North.
• The differences between the sides were not few. The political projects raised by Zapatismo and Villismo were permeated by a strong agrarian and popular character that opposed the vision of the State represented by Carrancismo, for which the reestablishment of democratic order and the implementation of of reforms that, in the medium term, would contribute to improving the population's living conditions.

• The cultural and class abyss was revealed in the meeting held by Villa and Zapata in Xochimilco on December 4, 1914 when both leaders agreed to ally with the objective of guaranteeing compliance with the agrarian and social demands set out in the Plan of Ayala.
• At the beginning of that month, the Villista and Zapatista troops entered the capital. Eulalio Gutiérrez and later Roque González Garza were named interim presidents. Meanwhile, Carranza had retired to Veracruz, where he established his government. The fight would now be between Carrancistas against Villistas and Zapatistas.

The importance of "history" beyond its historical accuracy. Why do you think historical characters are often idealized to the point that they seem almost non-human? What's the purpose of "heroes" in the history of nations? Do you believe it is ok to lie or exagerate reality for a "greater purpose?

The Constitutional Phase

• Carranza, with the support of generals Alvaro Obregón and Pablo González, and with its government in Veracruz, started the fight to recover the presidency of the Republic.
• The lack of an agreement between the Army of the South and the Division of the North to jointly fight Carranza led the constitutionalist army to gradually impose itself on its adversaries.
• Villa was defeated by Obregón's forces in the battles of Celaya and Aguascalientes, and later, before the advance of the constitutionalist troops on the state of Morelos, the Zapatista forces were forced to dissolve into small guerrilla groups.
• Once Carranza's forces controlled most of the country, a call was issued for the celebration of a Constituent Congress in the city of Queretaro, which excluded the participation of those who had formed part of the Huerta government or had fought to the Constitutionalist Army. From this congress the Constitution of 1917 would emerge.

The path towards a constitution

Constitution of 1917

• The Constitution that was promulgated in February 1917 incorporated the main demands of the sectors that had participated in the Mexican Revolution.
• This Magna Carta - in force to this day - establishes the legal framework from which the State is organized and determines the relationship that exists between the federal government, the states and Mexican citizens.
• Two main trends converged in the Constituent Congress of Querétaro (5th of february 1917):
• Carrancistas:

• Obregonistas:

• After almost a decade of political and social instability, a new Magna Carta was required that responded to the reality that prevailed in post-revolutionary Mexico.

The latter sector managed to prevail in many fundamental aspects, which led to an avant-garde Constitution, which incorporated modern laws for its time. The Constitution that was promulgated on February 5, 1917 eliminated the figure of the vice-presidency and prohibited the reelection of the president, aspects that historically had been a source of instability and conflict. The system of government chosen was that of a representative, democratic and federal republic, with a division of powers. The Constitution considered the free municipality as the basis for the organization of the states and granted the Executive broad powers to define and intervene in the economic life of the nation.

Article 3

Important articles of the 1917 constitution

Article 27

Article 123

Post-revolutionary governments timeline pt1

Plan de Agua Prieta VS Carranza

Venustiano Carranza MAY 1, 1917 – MAY 21, 1920

Álvaro Obregón DEC 1, 1920 – NOV 30, 1924

Adolfo de la Huerta JUN 12, 1920 – NOV 30, 1920

Plutarco Elías Calles DEC 1, 1924 – NOV 30, 1928

Muerte de Carranza

Maximato (Post-revolutionary governments timeline pt2)

Emilio Portes Gil DEC 1, 1928 – FEB 5, 1930

Abelardo Rodríguez SEP 2, 1932 – NOV 30, 1934

Lázaro Cárdenas DEC 1, 1934 – NOV 30, 1940

Pascual Ortiz Rubio FEB 5, 1930 – SEP 1, 1932

End of the Maximato

Maximato (Post-revolutionary governments timeline pt2)

Emilio Portes Gil DEC 1, 1928 – FEB 5, 1930

Abelardo Rodríguez SEP 2, 1932 – NOV 30, 1934

Lázaro Cárdenas DEC 1, 1934 – NOV 30, 1940

Pascual Ortiz Rubio FEB 5, 1930 – SEP 1, 1932

End of the Maximato

nd Half: Caballeros del Aire

WW1

Alliances

• Triple Entente
• Triple Alliance

Main actors of WW1

Reasons for the war:

1. Russia: it was shown as a defender of Paneslavia in the Balkans, but in reality it was the area to which it intended to expand and which was also disputed by Austria and Turkey.
2. Great Britain: outdone by the Germans in industry and the commercial navy, she sought to curb German rule with the intention of maintaining balance on the continent.
3. Germany: served as a defender of the allies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but actually wanted to increase their presence globally. Great rival with Great Britain, especially in the commercial and industrial field.
4. France: hurt by the defeat it suffered in the Franco-Prussian war, where it lost Alsace and Lorraine, decided to seek revenge and therefore supported the Russians in their desire to stop German growth both demographically, economically and military.
5. Austro-Hungarian Empire: it sought to curb Slavic nationalism both on its borders and in the Balkans, since if the Yugoslavs united, the empire would be destabilized.
6. Ottoman Empire: it sought revenge for the defeat it suffered in the Balkan War of 1912, where it almost lost all of its European territories. He tried to maintain control over the straits that were in the Black Sea and that Russia threatened to take from him.

Development of WW1

The murder of the Franz Ferdinand

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand—heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire—was shot to death along with his wife, Sophie, by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. Princip and other nationalists were struggling to end Austro-Hungarian rule over Serbia.

• The assassination of Franz Ferdinand set off a rapidly escalating chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Serbian nationalism once and for all.
• After this, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an Ultimatum

The game of chairs begins

1. July 29. The attacks against Serbia begin
2. July 30. Russia mobilices its troops in support of Serbia
3. July 31. Germany gives an ultimatum to Russia asking to stop mobilizing its troops. Also demands neutrality to France.
4. August 1st. Germany declares war to Russia, which forces France to declare war on Germany (due to the alliance they had).
5. August 3 and 4. Germany invades Belgium; Great Britain mobilices its fleet and sends an ultimatum to Germany asking to respect Belgium's neutrality.
6. August 6. Serbia declares war on Germany.

http://archivumaresianum.blogspot.com/2014/03/primera-guerra-mundial-en-un-bar.html

4 stages of WW1

Movements War (1914)

End of the War (1918)

Positions or Trench War (1915-1916)

Crisis of 1917

Letter from a British soldier from the war front

France, at night. My darling Now, if there are no problems, you will know everything about what happens here. I know you will be in for a great surprise when this letter reaches you ... If any authority sees it! (...) Maybe you would like to know how the spirits of the men are here. Well the truth is that (and as I told you before, they will shoot me if someone of importance catches this missive) everyone is totally fed up and no one has anything left of what is known as patriotism. Nobody gives a damn if Germany has Alsace, Belgium or France. All everyone wants is to get this over with and go home. This is honestly the truth, and anyone who has been in the last few months will tell you the same. (…) God bless you darling and everyone I love and who loves me, because without your love and trust, I would faint and fail. But do not worry my heart because I will continue to the end, be it good or bad (...) Laurie

Consequences of WW1: The Treaties

• At the end of the war, the powers that participated in the conflict decided to agree on the intention of establishing the new frontiers and the way in which relations between States would be conducted.
• On January 18, 1919, with the aim of putting an end to the war, the victors met at the Paris Conference, led by President Thomas Woodrow Wilson of the United States, the prime minister British Lloyd George, French Prime Minister George Clemenceau and Italian Chief Executive Vittorio Orlando.
• After extensive debates among the victorious countries, the following treaties were signed, which redefined the global situation from various spheres, such as social, political, military, economic and cultural.

• The triumphant powers met at the Palace of Versailles, in Paris, in order to sign the peace accords. The Versailles conference brought together more than seventy official delegates representing twenty-seven countries.
• On the United States' side, there was Thomas W. Wilson; for England, David Lloyd George; for France, Georges Clemenceau, and for Italy, Vittorio Orlando.
• The Versailles conference established the creation of a league of nations to maintain world peace; and it was stipulated that Germany would have to do without practically all the colonies of her, causing a territorial loss to him of almost 13%.
• Germany, as responsible for the war, had to pay the affected countries the damages and expenses caused by the war; the sum was established at the London Conference in 1920: 140 billion gold marks. He was also banned from the League of Nations
• The countries that lost could not have an army greater than one hundred thousand men; military service would be compulsory, and nations were forced to reduce their weapons considerably.

Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)

• Signed by the countries allied with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in Sèvres, France.
• By this treaty only Istanbul was left to the Ottoman Empire part of Asia Minor.
• The creation of Kurdistan was established; several districts became part of Armenia. For its part, Greece received Thrace, Imbros, Tenedos and Smyrna.
• The British administration acquired Syria and Lebanon and the French administration received Alexandreta.
• Navigation in the straits would be free and an international commission was established to regulate it.
• This treaty will be replaced later by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

Treaty of Sèvres (August 10, 1920)

Turkish War of Independence

• The Ottoman Empire suffered defeat in World War I at the hands of the British, the French and their allies. These forces sought to divide the Empire amongst themselves and new Arab States. Greece won to the West Coast of Anatolia, the Italians, the Southern Coast, Armenia, would be created in the east, leaving the Ottomans with a small amount of land around Ankara. When the war ended, an Armistice was signed and in November 1918 a French Brigade entered Istanbul and occupied the city.
• Then the Paris Peace Conference began in 1919 and the allies discussed finalizing the plans to divide the Ottoman Empire amongst themselves, while allied troops occupied more towns within the Empire. However, an Ottoman general, Mustafa Kamal, also known as Ataturk, recognized that his government was being oppressed by foreign nations and was not fighting back.

Turkish War of Independence

• He formed his own resistance of local militias and military units, and in April 1920 he was elected as chairman of the Grand National Assembly gathered in Ankara. However, the Sultan signed the Treaty of Sevres with the allied powers, seizing a great deal of land and making the Dardanelles and Istanbul in international zone.
• Ataturk rejected this treaty and this effectively gave the Turks two governments. Kamal's Republic in Ankara and the Sultan's government in Istanbul. Kamal's Republic soon started to fight the Allies on three fronts, Greece to the West, Armenia to the east, and France to the south.

• However, Kamal was able to get help from the Soviets, who themselves wanted to move into Armenia, so they sent the Turks thousands of weapons and the Bolshevik troops moved into Yerevan and installed a Communist government in Armenia.
• With this front freed up, this allowed Kamal to focus on Greece and the west, who were by early 1921, pushing on Ankara. in August the Turks successfully held off Greek offensives.
• The Battle of Sarkaria and loss of Armenia undermined the French desire to continue the war, so they made peace with the Turks and cemented the Turkish Syrian border.
• Kamal then led an offensive against the Greeks and retook Izmir in September 1922 and then turned his attention to Istanbul, which was under international control.

Turkish War of Independence

Turkish War of Independence

• The British Prime Minister, Lloyd George, pushed for war. However, he couldn't find support in Parliament or amongst other European Nations. The Chanak crisis (1922), as it was called, saw the election of the antiwar Conservative government in Britain.
• So the British persuaded the Greeks to abandon Istanbul and begin peace talks however, they invited the Sultan and not Kamal to these peace talks. So Kamal abolished the Sultanate, ending the Ottoman Empire, which had been around for over 600 years. And the Treaty of Laussanne was signed in 1923. It secured Turkish independence and established very similar borders to what the country has today.

General Consequences of WW1

1. More than 12 million people, including soldiers and civilians, were killed in the clashes of the First World War.
2. During the armed conflicts millions of people were injured.
3. Losses amounted to $ 200 million dollars.
4. There was the fall of three great world powers: Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary.
5. Two new world powers arose before the world: the United States, Japan.

The Russian Revolution: Background

1. Previous to 1917, Rusia was an empire, ruled by a Tsar, with and autocratic and quasi feudalist regime.
2. The Romanov Dinasty was the family in power.
3. Although the development of the russian industry during the beggining of the 20th century was great, the economic disparity was huge.
4. Also, in comparison with other european countries, the Russian economy was not great (-2x France, -6x Germany, -4x USA)
5. In 1905 (after the defeat of Russia by Japan) an attempted revolution broke out, which was severely oppresed by the tsarist government, which ultimately led to the creation of the Dumas.
6. An important event of this first revolution was Bloody Sunday.

Russian Revolution: WW1

1. Since the beggining of WW1, the russian army was severely unprepared.
2. They lacked basic supplies such as guns, bullets, food and even clothing. Some of the men did not even had boots, using rags on their feet.
3. There was also a lack of preparation: a lot of commanders and military leaders did not know the proper modern war tactics.
4. This also led to a lack of food in the civilian population, not even being able to buy bread in some cities.
5. Al of this led to widespread discontent from the general population towards the government of the Tsar Nicholas II.

Russian Revolution: February of 1917

1. By the spring of 1917, the general population was sick of all of this and, during the Women's day (23 of february), a revolution exploted.
2. On march 2nd, the Tsar abdicated and the Duma established a provisional government composed of anarchists, socialists, democrats, monarchists, and the relatively small Bolshevik Party.
3. By april, the revolutionary leader Vladimir Lennin had returned from his excile in Switzerland and started advocating for a Violent Revolution.
4. Lennin, along with his comrades Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin, would be the protagonists of the next part of the revolution.

Russian Revolution: October 1917

1. By the Fall of 1917, Lennin thought the conditions for a violent and radical revolution were proper, so on the night of the 6th of october, the Bolshevik Revolution began.
2. The Red Army took bridges, telephone and telegraph stations, the central bank and, finally, the Winter Palace, without almost no resistance.
3. Lenin proclaimed his revolution under the motto "Peace, Land and Bread".
4. By december of 1917 Lenin started the negotiations to withdraw from WW1 which ultimately led to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russian Revolution: Russian Civil War

1. On January of 1918 the Bolsheviks called for the constitution of a General Assembly and, as they lost the majority of the votes, the dissolved this body before the could actually form a government, cementing themselves as the ruling party, albeit undemocraticaly elected.
2. After this period, the Red Army had to fight a lot of unhappy factions in Russia, specially the White Army, which sought to return Russia to a Monarchy.

3rd cut

The Great Depression (Crack of 29')

Background

1. After the terrible economic crises generated by the war, by 1925 the world was in a clear recovery. Increasing production and high demand for raw materials were signs of stability.
2. However, some regions such as Great Britain did not achieve the degree of prosperity that they had before the war.
3. The stock markets of the countries and the industrial production evolved in a favorable way, as the demand made the shares rise incredibly, but this stability was undermined when the Americans began to speculate with the stock market and play with borrowed money .

The Roaring Twenties

Speculation

1. At that time, the United States showed strong economic growth that allowed it to assume world economic leadership, having as its bastion its great technological innovation.
2. However, terrible mistakes were being made when spending money that can be considered non-existent, mistakes that would have their breaking point on October 24, 1929, which went down in human history as the day the world shook.
3. The New York Stock Exchange was facing an imminent bankruptcy that would affect the entire banking, industrial, commercial and agricultural system not only in the United States, but the entire planet.

The Crisis

1. The crisis created such uncertainty that multitudes of depositors, seeing the situation and the unpromising outlook looming, decided to withdraw their savings, causing the banks to fail.
2. By October 28, the world economy had suffered several losses and on October 29, events reached their peak, when in a few hours sixteen and a half million shares were sold, causing a loss of just over 40%.
3. From this moment on, the economy, not only of the United States, but of the entire world, entered what we know as the Great Depression.

Consequences of the Great Depression

1. Fall in world industrial production.
2. Drop in international trade.
3. Fall in prices on products and labor.
4. Serious problems for exporting countries.
5. Exorbitant increase in the number of unemployed.

Consequences of the Great Depression

1. As part of the solutions to end the crisis, at first the US government established various funds for companies in order to strengthen them; however, this proved unsuccessful and therefore he set about strengthening the purchasing power of the people.
2. Austerity measures were also implemented, and in countries such as Germany, Spain and Italy totalitarian regimes were established that militarized the countries with the aim of establishing a war economy.
3. The austerity policies implemented mainly in the United States, France, Japan and Germany, among others, sought to strengthen the profitability of the companies but, given the low production, tax revenues decreased and the crisis worsened.

The "New Deal"

1. When Franklin D. Roosevelt became president of the United States in 1933, the country was still in an economic depression, hence his first great job was to rebuild the nation's economy.
2. That is why he implemented the program we know as the New Deal, especially when it comes to wealth.
3. In order to carry it out, the State had to become the governing body of the economy, favoring investments, credit and consumption with the aim of reducing unemployment; Consumption was also encouraged to favor merchants and the company.

Main measures to face the crisis the New Deal

• Financial
• Their main objective was to save the banking system.
• The dollar was devalued in order to increase prices.
• A reform to the stock market was implemented to prevent something similar from happening again.
• Agriculture
• The main problem was the large number of surpluses;
• To solve this, the president created a compensation program in exchange for reducing crops and raising prices, thereby increasing purchasing power and balancing demand.
• Industry
• A wage system was established that allowed increasing purchasing power.
• Working hours were reduced and product prices were raised in order to benefit the business sector.

• Society
• In this sector were the most disadvantaged, so the president advocated a wage system that sought to end underconsumption.
• With the intention of creating jobs, various public works programs were carried out.
• In general, the "New Deal" policies implemented by President Roosevelt gave a positive balance and contributed to the United States coming out of the crisis, mainly after 1935,

Homework

• Answer the following questions:
• a) What were the causes of the economic boom in the United States at the end of the First World War?
• b) What happened in New York between October 24 and 29, 1929?
• c) For what reasons did the crisis that began in the United States spread throughout the world?
• d) What social consequences did the Great Depression have?
• e) Through what policy did the United States finally come out of the crisis and what did it consist of?
• f) Do you think that the current economic conditions could lead to a crisis like the one of 29?

Art during the Interwar Period

Answer the following:

1. What's the topic of the movie?
2. How's this movie related with the Interwar period?

Main Artistic Expressions

1. Literary: the generation of 27, noucentism, avant-garde (creationism, surrealism and futurism), neoplasticism, the new novel.
2. Music: jazz and swing (Louis Daniel Armstrong), tango (Carlos Gardel) and cabaret, as well as other genres and musicians of the time.
3. Sculpture: abstraction and materials, and their representatives.
4. Cinema: Pictorial Expressionism with Charlie Chaplin (The Great Dictator, City Lights and Modern Times); Fritz Lang (Los nibelungos) or Murnau (Nosferatu) and surrealism with Luis Buñuel (Un Perro Andaluz).
5. Painting: expressionism, dadaism, cubism, impressionism, surrealism, abstract art.
6. Photography: the photographic avant-gardes (Futurism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Cubism, Constructivism); documentary photography and photojournalism.
7. Architecture: functionalist expression, materials used; maximum exponents and representations.

Literature

INSOMNIO (Dámaso Alonso) Madrid es una ciudad de más de un millón de cadáveres (según las últimas estadísticas). A veces en la noche yo me revuelvo y me incorporo en este nicho en el que hace 45 años que me pudro, y paso largas horas oyendo gemir al huracán, o ladrar los perros, o fluir blandamente la luz de la luna. Y paso largas horas gimiendo como el huracán, ladrando como un perro enfurecido, fluyendo como la leche de la ubre caliente de una gran vaca amarilla. Y paso largas horas preguntándole a Dios, preguntándole por qué se pudre lentamente mi alma, por qué se pudren más de un millón de cadáveres en esta ciudad de Madrid, por qué mil millones de cadáveres se pudren lentamente en el mundo. Dime, ¿qué huerto quieres abonar con nuestra podredumbre? ¿Temes que se te sequen los grandes rosales del día, las tristes azucenas letales de tus noches?

Music

Sculpture

• The increased popularity of classical styles during the 1920s and 1930s contributed to the prominence of sculpture, believed by many to be the most appropriate form for art.
• The Romantic style associated by Auguste Rodin, whose rough figures favored emotion and movement over finish, was usurped by the more academic tradition associated with Aristide Maillol, who sought to position the viewer at a remove, separated by plinths and by poses that provided a sense of unity and self-contained wholeness, so as to prompt evaluation of work intellectually rather than emotionally.

Cinema

Painting

Expressionism

Color in art

• Is there a relationship between the perception of color and my emotions?

Photography

http://exhibitions.guggenheim.org/futurism/photography/

Architecture

• Functionalism is the principle that buildings should be designed based solely on their purpose and function.

Homework

1. Research about any of the artistic manifestations during the interwar period and give your opinion about it. Download images to go with your work. Mininum half a page (we will share it in class).

Topics to be seen in the test

1. Pre WW1 and WW1 alliances
2. Reasons to go to war for each country
3. The 4 stages of WW1
4. The Treaty of Versailles
5. Main events/protagonists/consequences of the Turkish war of Independence
6. Main events/protagonists/consequences of the Russian Revolutions
7. The Great Depression
8. The New Deal

Cardenism

• With the video we are going to see, fill the following table:

Cardenism

• Continue to fill the table with the following video

Cardenism

• Corporativism
• Agrarian Reform
• Petroleum
• Education
• Industrialization
• Official Political Party
• Asylum Policy

Totalitarism

1. Total control of society, economy and culture by the State
2. Elimination of political enemies and the prevalence of a single party
3. Charismatic dictatorial leader (the führer in Germany, the duce in Italy, the military leader in Spain and Japan)
4. Mass politics with mobilizations, seeking adherence to values such as the country, the race and the boss
5. State violence, censorship, propaganda and policy of repression
6. extreme nationalism

Fascism

1. The economic difficulties that Europe experienced during the post-war period, added to the resurgence of nationalism and the rise of the labor movement, laid the foundations for the spread of totalitarian ideologies, such as fascism and Nazism
2. These ideological currents gave rise to the formation of social movements that favored the development of totalitarian political regimes, whose expansionist and militaristic projects were incompatible with the geopolitical balances established in the Treaty of Versailles.
3. The triumph of the Russian Revolution and the internationalist character of the labor movement fueled the fear of some European nations about the possibility of a socialist revolution.
4. In this scenario, three nations, Germany, Italy and Japan - one defeated and two frustrated by expectations that were not fulfilled after the great war - joined forces to confront the occidental powers in a warlike conflict that reached global proportions.

Characteristics of Fascism

1. Fascism was a political and social movement that emerged in Italy after the end of the First World War.
2. In ideological terms, fascism proposed the supremacy of the state over the freedoms of the individual.
3. In the political sphere, fascism distanced itself both from liberal democracies, which they considered to be in decline, and from socialism and anarchism whose expansion was considered a risk.
4. Among its main characteristics stood out the strong militarism and the exaltation of values ​​such as race, religion or country, from which it was intended to mobilize the masses.
5. At the end of the First World War, a feeling of nonconformity prevailed in Italy because the economic and territorial concessions promised by England and France in exchange for their participation in the war were not established in the Treaty of Versailles.

Italian Fascism

1. In 1922, after a coup, the leader of the National Fascist Party, Benito Mussolini, took power in Italy.
2. The Mussolini dictatorship was characterized by the suppression of individual freedoms and the elimination of all political dissent. Under Italian fascism, the state assumed an interventionist character by organizing and controlling key sectors of the economy.
3. During the fascist period, Italy assumed an expansionist policy that led it to conquer new territories in Africa and the Balkans, as well as to support the uprising of General Francisco Franco against the Second Spanish Republic and ally itself with the German side in World War II.

Nazism

1. The origin of Nazism is linked to the difficult political, economic and social conditions that prevailed in Germany after its defeat in the First World War.
2. In the Treaty of Versailles, the Allied Powers stripped the Germans of much of their territory and colonies, imposed a strict disarmament policy, and forced them to pay huge sums in war reparations.
3. As a result of the above, Germany entered a serious economic crisis that worsened after the world economic recession of the 1930s.
4. Unemployment, devaluation and hyperinflation severely hit the German population, which channeled their discontent with the liberal institutions, as well as with the bankers and speculators, many of them Jews, whom they blamed for the economic disaster.

1. Chancellor Adolf Hitler capitalized on the crisis and discontent generated by the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, to revive the feeling of national pride and gain absolute control of the State, dispensing with the parliament and of all opposition.
2. At the same time, a policy of segregation was launched against racial, political, religious or social minorities who were considered "enemies of Germany".
3. Such was the case with Communists, Jews, Jehovah's Witnesses, Gypsies, the mentally ill, and homosexuals, among others.
4. Under the Nazi regime, Germany violated the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and undertook an aggressive industrial policy basically aimed at equipping the armed forces with weapons and war machinery.
5. Likewise, alliances were formalized with other emerging powers: Such was the case of the Tripartite Pact, signed with Italy and Japan.

Nazism

Nazism

1. The Nazi ideology adopted the postulates of the Pan-German movement that upheld the superiority of the Aryan race and fought for the cultural and political unity of the peoples of Germanic origin.
2. These types of ideas served as justification for the territorial expansion of Germany and the policies of extermination, directed mainly against the Jewish population.

El Invierno del Mundo - Ken Follett

Japanese militarism

1. Although Japan was one of the nations that participated on the side of the Allies during World War I, at the beginning of the 1930s it was going through a delicate economic and social situation.
2. The 1929 crisis led to a drastic drop in silk and rice exports, generating unemployment and hunger among a population that had expanded considerably in recent years.
3. In this context, nationalist and anti-western movements emerged, mainly among the more conservative military, who gradually took control of the government. The militaristic ideas attributed the economic and social problems to the lack of territory.
4. Japan's victory during the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, coupled with its successful participation on the Allied side during World War I, fueled the expansionist yearnings of the far-right military and politicians.

Japanese militarism

1. In 1931 the Japanese army invaded the Manchurian region without the consent of the emperor, who at that time acted only as a symbolic figure. From that moment on, the military tacitly assumed the leadership of the State.
2. Unlike the fascist dictatorships implanted in Germany, Italy and Spain, political power was not concentrated on a single figure, but on a military caste that argued that the only way to save Japan from class war and starvation It was through the conquest of the lower peoples of Asia.
3. Japanese militarism was characterized by its totalitarian and ultra-nationalist character, inspired by some features of Japanese culture, such as devotion to war and honorable death.
4. Under these principles, they invaded China and several Southeast Asian countries, which eventually led them to attack the Pearl Harbor naval base, in the United States, as a preventive action to prevent the North Americans from intervening with their expansionist plans on the territories of Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore.

1. The Second World War is considered to be the greatest war conflict in history. The nations that participated in it were grouped into two camps: the Allied countries and the so-called Axis Powers.
2. For many historians, World War II was only the continuation of the First Great War. Its origin, in this sense, is linked to the struggle of the imperialist countries to control and dominate the world economy, in a context in which the capitalist system was being severely questioned by the rise of socialism.
3. With the end of the conflict, a new international order emerged, characterized by the hegemony of two blocs - one capitalist and the other socialist - which would star in a long economic, political, technological and military dispute throughout the 20th century.
4. On the other hand, the high material costs, but especially human costs of the war, motivated the creation of international institutions aimed at resolving conflicts between countries. Many of those institutions are still in force today.

Introduction to WW2

Causes of WW2

• The growing threat of Socialism
• Expansionism
• Japan
• Italy
• Germany
• The inaction of the League of Nations

• The geopolitical rearrangement
• New ideologies and state models
• Socialism and Fascism
• Disatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles
• Italy and Japan
• Germany
• The 1929 crash

Stages of WWII

For study, World War II is usually divided into three stages:

1. The first spans from the invasion of Poland in 1939 to Operation Barbarossa in 1941, when Germany mobilized its troops on Soviet territory.
2. The second stage is marked by the attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) and the involvement of the United States and other countries in the conflict.
3. The third stage begins with the landing in Normandy, in 1944, and ends with the defeat of the Axis countries (1945) a year later.

The European War (1939-1941)

1. The Second World War formally began with the invasion of Poland by Germany on September 1, 1939.
2. The mobilization of German troops during the first stage of the war was developed under the principles of the military strategy known as Blitzkrieg or "flash war".
3. This strategy combined aerial bombardments and sabotage actions, followed by a ground invasion of armored divisions and infantry.

The European War (1939-1941)

1. The invasion of Poland was immediately condemned by Great Britain and France, who summoned German forces to retreat within two days.
2. After the German refusal came the declaration of war by England, Australia, New Zealand, France and Canada.
3. Russia, which had signed a non-aggression pact with Germany months before, took advantage of the situation to mobilize its army on Polish territory, occupying the eastern region of said country.
4. From that area, Russia attacked Finland in the conflict known as the Winter War. The German attack caught the Polish defenses by surprise, and they were forced to capitulate on September 29.

Dunkirk

1. Following the declaration of war by France and England, Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway, countries that had remained neutral.
2. In May 1940 the German army began the assault against Western Europe, mobilizing its army on the territories of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg. Using the Blitzkrieg strategy, the Germans stormed across the Dutch and Belgian plains, forcing the English and French armies to retreat to the Atlantic coast, where they were cornered.
3. In desperate action the English government organized a military and civilian fleet to rescue the English soldiers who remained trapped in the coastal city of Dunkirk. More than 300,000 soldiers were evacuated in an operation that, although it managed to prevent the collapse of the English army, left France at the mercy of the invaders.

The Ardennes and the Maginot Line

1. The Germans entered French territory through the Ardennes forest, a region that was considered impassable due to its inaccessibility.
2. The German strategy surprised the French army, which had concentrated its troops along the Maginot Line, a system of fortifications built during the interwar period that stretched along the Franco-German frontiers.
3. Faced with the irrepressible advance of the German army, on June 9, 1940 the French government abandonated Paris and moved to the city of Bordeaux to reorganize the resistance.
4. Guessing France's surrender, Italy, which until then had remained neutral, declared war on France and England.

Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill

The World War (1942-1943)

1. The second stage of the conflict was characterized by the counteroffensive of the Allied countries, the entry of the United States to the war and the opening of three different battle fronts.
2. In 1941 Hitler's army advanced on Soviet territory in order to occupy Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev. The speed with which the victories in Europe had been achieved strengthened the belief that the invasion of the Soviet Union would take place in the course of a few weeks.

Operation Barbarossa

1. In 1941 Hitler's army advanced on Soviet territory in order to occupy Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev. The speed with which the victories in Europe had been achieved strengthened the belief that the invasion of the Soviet Union would take place in the course of a few weeks.
2. The early stages of Operation Barbarossa, as the military maneuvers on the eastern front were called, were carried out in accordance with Hitler and his strategists.
3. Just a month after the invasion, the Germans had occupied Belarus and the Baltic region. In September 1941 the German army took Kiev. Later they besieged Leningrad and posted themselves at the gates of Moscow.
4. By that time the Soviet losses were of great magnitude. About 2 million Russian soldiers had been killed by death, injury or capture. The Red Army entrenched itself in the main cities, while the big industries moved towards the rear in order to maintain the production of weapons and supplies necessary to resist the invasion.

Operation Barbarossa

1. The arrival of winter forced the German army to postpone the occupation of Moscow. The Soviet soldiers, better prepared to face the inclement weather, offered a heroic resistance, forcing the enemy to retreat positions. The failure of the taking of Moscow cost Hitler's army about 500,000 soldiers. Russian casualties, meanwhile, totaled just over a million.
2. At the end of 1941 the Germans besieged the city of Leningrad, with the aim of annihilating its inhabitants through cold and starvation. The German siege lasted for more than 900 days without the city being taken. The siege of Leningrad would cost the lives of more than a million civilians and about 300,000 Red Army soldiers. The city, however, never fell.

Siege of Stalingrad

1. In August 1942, as part of an attempt to seize the oil wells in the Caucasus, Hitler ordered the capture of the city of Stalingrad. The German offensive to capture this important industrial city included a massive bombardment that reduced the city to practically rubble.
2. On this stage, what is considered one of the bloodiest battles in history would be staged, in which more than two million people perished, mostly civilians.
3. For just over five months the Germans and Russians fought inch by inch over the buildings and streets of Stalingrad. Russian snipers inflicted countless casualties on a German army that was ill-equipped to fight in the streets in winter temperatures.+
4. The German surrender in Stalingrad, during February 1943, not only meant the capture of more than 91 thousand soldiers; at the same time, it was a turning point in the war with Russia.

The Pacific Theater

1. At the same time that Germany fought the battle in Russia, Japan joined the war, opening a new front in the Pacific.
2. Hitler's victories during the first years of the war left the European colonies located in Africa and Asia in a virtual state of defenselessness.
3. Japan, which had undertaken an aggressive imperialist policy since the beginning of the century, took advantage of the situation to extend its dominance over Asia.
4. In 1940 the Japanese army occupied northern Indochina - a colony that depended on France - threatening Indonesia - which was under Dutch rule - as well as the British possessions of Malaysia, Burma and Hong Kong.

The Pacific Theater

1. After the iron and oil embargo that the North Americans imposed on Japan in retaliation for the occupation maneuvers in the Pacific, the Japanese began to hatch an ambitious plan to neutralize the United States.
2. On December 7, 1941, Japanese aviation attacked by surprise and without prior declaration of war, the North American Pacific fleet, which was anchored in the Hawaiian bay of Pearl Harbor.
3. The idea of ​​the Japanese strategists was to nullify the ability of the United States to sustain a maritime war in that region of the world. That would allow them to advance over vast regions of the Pacific and establish an impenetrable defensive line for their adversaries.

The Pacific Theater

1. The following day the United States declared war on Japan and together with it, most of the nations of the American continent.
2. In response, Germany, Italy and the rest of the countries that had signed the Axis Pact, did the same with the United States and their allies.
3. During the first battles on the Pacific front, Japan took the lead by occupying the territories of Hong Kong, Burma, Borneo, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
4. However, from 1942, after the maritime battles of the Coral Sea and Midway in which the Japanese suffered a painful setback, the North American army began to reconquer the island territories that the Japanese had invaded.

The End of the War (1944-1945)

1. After the defeat of Stalingrad the Germans attempted a last offensive on the eastern front. The Battle of Korsk, as this battle was known, used the largest number of armored vehicles, aircraft, artillery, and soldiers ever seen in WW2.
2. However, after the first confrontations, Hitler was forced to order a withdrawal in order to redirect his troops towards southern Italy, where the Allied army had begun the landing.
3. The defeat of Korsk put an end to the German operations in the Soviet Union, and then the Red Army advanced on the European territory until arriving at Berlin.
4. Between 1944 and 1945, Soviet troops occupied Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, and East Prussia. The conquest of Berlin became an obsession for Stalin, who set himself the goal of being the first to occupy German capital in order to obtain concessions once peace was negotiated. At the same time, the Allies advanced from southern Italy, confronting German forces who refused to leave that country.

The End of the War (1944-1945)

1. At the end of 1943, after removing Mussolini, King Victor Manuel IlI of Italy unconditionally surrendered to the Allied army and declared war on Germany. With this act, the Italian peninsula was divided into two parts: the kingdom of Italy, under the control of the Allies, and the Italian Social Republic, under the command of Mussolini and the Germans.
2. On June 4, 1944, the Allied army took the city of Rome, forcing the Germans and troops loyal to Mussolini to retreat north, where they were harassed by the Italian guerrillas.
3. In April 1945 the last remaining German forces in Italy capitulated. Benito Mussolini, who was trying to cross the border into Switzerland, was captured and shot without trial.

4th Semester 1st cut

The D-Day: June 6, 1944

1. While the allied troops were deployed through the Italian Peninsula, an ambitious plan was launched to open a new war front in western Europe.
2. On June 6, 1944 better known as D-Day an army made up of American, British, Canadian and French troops landed on the beaches of Normandy, located in northern France.
3. More than 160 thousand soldiers crossed the English Channel by sea and by air during the first day, establishing a beachhead that allowed the arrival of more than three million troops in the course of the following months.
4. The opening of a new front in Europe terribly demoralized the German army, which on August 26, 1944, faced with the imminent arrival of the Allies, had to give up the city of Paris.

The liberation of France and the taking of Berlin

1. After the liberation of the French capital, the allied forces regained control of France and Belgium, with which they only had to cross the River Rhine to invade Germany.
2. By 1945 the city of Berlin was under siege by the Soviet and Anglo-American armies. Despite the fact that defeat was inevitable, Hitler prohibited any kind of surrender and urged the population to resist at all costs.
3. On April 30, 1945, the Russian army entered the city and took the facilities of the German Parliament. Hitler committed suicide that same day in his bunker located in the Chancellery.

The discovery of the Holocaust

1. On May 2, the city of Berlin capitulated, and a few days later, on May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered to the Allies. As the Soviet army and the allied forces were deployed on German territory, a chilling genocidal operation implemented by the Nazi regime with the aim of exterminating the Jewish population, as well as other ethnic, political, religious and ethnic minorities, was left uncovered.
2. The genocidal machinery developed by the Nazis was made up of more than 42 thousand 500 facilities throughout Europe from which the capture, confinement and systematic murder of the Jewish population was organized by all kinds of methods, from asphyxiation by venous gases, gunshots, forced labor, medical torture, starvation, pseudoscientific experiments, among others. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1945 between 11 and 12 million people died as a result of Nazi persecution. At least half of this population was of Jewish origin.

Japan

1. Once Germany and Italy had been defeated, war efforts were concentrated on Japan, a country that since 1943 had begun to lose the territories conquered during the first phase of the Pacific War.
2. After the bloody battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945, Americans became convinced that an invasion of Japan, while feasible, would involve unacceptable casualties. President Truman, who had succeeded Roosevelt as president of the United States, made the decision to use nuclear weapons to force Japan to surrender.
3. Between August 6 and 9, 1945, the US Army dropped two nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Three weeks later, on September 2, Japan surrendered to the Allied army.

Consequences of WW2

1. Casualties
2. Destruction
3. Geopolitical reorganization
4. Emergence of a Bipolar World
5. The creation of the UN (ONU)

Industrialization by Substituting Imports

1. Crisis of 29 - Halts the imports
1. Alliance between the Private and Public sectors
2. WWII: 39-45 - Increases the exports and diminishes even more the imports
3. Protectionism: rise of taxes to imports
4. Increase in urban population
1. Secondary activities and Tertiary activities
5. Migration from the fields to the cities
1. The agricultural workforce is going to dimish

Protectionism and Free Markets

1. Protectionism - Mercantilism (Thomas Mun):
1. The richness of a nation comes from having a positive balance between their imports and exports.
2. Free Market - Ecomic Liberalism - Adam Smith and David Ricardo
1. The richness comes from having a Free Market and a relative benefit in trade.

• Eastern Front (1941-1945): The Eastern Front was the theater of operations in Eastern Europe, primarily between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
• Pacific Theater (1941-1945): The Pacific Theater involved the war in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia, primarily between the Allied forces (led by the United States) and the Empire of Japan.
• Mediterranean and North African Theater (1940-1945): Initially, the conflict centered around North Africa, with Axis (primarily German and Italian) forces led by Erwin Rommel, the "Desert Fox,"

• Serbia was required to publicly disavow all anti-Austrian propaganda and activities within its borders.
• The Serbian government had to suppress and eliminate all anti-Austrian organizations and publications.
• Austria-Hungary insisted on Serbian authorities cooperating in the investigation of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, which had occurred in Sarajevo.
• The Austrian government demanded that it be allowed to participate in the investigation in Serbia.
• Serbia was asked to arrest and prosecute any Serbian officials or individuals who were found to have been involved in the assassination plot.

1. Serbia was required to issue an official apology to Austria-Hungary for its alleged involvement in the assassination.
2. Austria-Hungary also sought guarantees that Serbia would take measures to prevent any further anti-Austrian activities in the future.
3. The ultimatum contained a tight 48-hour deadline for Serbia to respond. Serbia's partial acceptance of the ultimatum, while rejecting some of the demands, led to the escalation of tensions and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I.