1. NS Level 4: Animals

animals

Start

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INDEX

INVERTEBRATES

VERTEBRATES

ARTHROPODS

VERTEBRATE NUTRITION

MOLLUSCS

VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION

OTHER GROUPS OF INVERTEBRATES

Echinoderms

Sponges

Annelids

Cnidarians

VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION

Oviparous

Viviparous

Ovoviparous

vertebrates

Vertebrates have a backbone and an internal skeleton.

fish

birds

mammals

reptiles

amphibians

VERTEBRATE NUTRITION

Animals are consumers because they eat other living things.

Herbivores eat plants.

Carnivores eat meat.

Omnivores eat plants and meat.

VERTEBRATE NUTRITION

• Most reptiles and amphibians are carnivores.
• Mammals, birds and fish can be herbivores, carnivores or omnivores.

• All mammals drink their mother’s milk until they can find their own food.
• Mammals have different types of teeth.
• Birds have different types of beaks.

How?

• The food is partly digested in the digestive system.
• The food returns to the mouth and the animal chews it to break it down more.
• The animal swallows it again.
• The food returns to the digestive system where the process is completed.

RUMINANTS

These animals are mammals (i.e. sheep, cows, camels, goats, giraffes, deer...) that have a special way of digesting food.

VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION

Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the body.

FISH take in oxygen from water.1. The water enters the body through themouth and leaves through the gills.2. The oxygen is absorbed into the bloodthrough capillaries in the gills.3. Carbon dioxide leaves the body through thegills.

VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION

MAMMALS, BIRDS and REPTILES take inoxygen from the air. Air passes into the lungs.Blood cells absorb the oxygen from the lungsand transport it around the body.Carbon dioxide leaves the body through thelungs.

VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION

When AMPHIBIANS are very young, theyare aquatic animals and take in oxygenthrough their gills.During metamorphosis, their gills close andthey develop lungs.Adult amphibians can also absorb oxygenand expel carbon dioxide through theirmoist skin.

VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION

• Reproduction means creating a new and similar living thing called offspring.
• Most animals reproduce sexually. The ova produced by the female are fertilised by the sperm, produced by the male.
• Animals can be oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous.

OVIPAROUS

BIRDS, FISH, REPTILES (i.e. turtles) and AMPHIBIANS(i.e. frogs) are oviparous animals.

The embryo grows inside an egg,outside the female’s body.The shell or jelly around the eggprotects the embryo. The eggcontains the nutrients it needs togrow.These eggs will hatch into newoffspring.

Monotremes are oviparousmammals. Ex: Echidna, platypus.

platypus

echidna

VIVIPAROUS

Almost all MAMMALS (i.e. polar bears, horses) are viviparous.

• The embryo develops inside the mother. Babies are born live.
• All baby mammals drink their mother’s milk until they can find their own food.

OVOVIVIPAROUS

These animals (i.e. tiger shark, boa andmanta ray) produce eggs but the eggs develop and hatch inside the mother.Later, the mother gives birth to liveoffspring.Some fish, reptiles and amphibians areovoviviparous.

tiger shark

manta ray

INvertebrates

Invertebrates don’t have a backbone.We can classify invertebrates into six groups:

• ARTHROPODS
• MOLLUSCS
• OTHER GROUPS OF INVERTEBRATES

(Echinoderms, Sponges, Annelids, Cnidarians)

ARTHROPODS

• This is the largest invertebrate group.
• They have an external skeleton called exoskeleton.
• There are four subgroups: crustaceans, myriapods, arachnids and insects.

Most CRUSTACEANS have two body parts: a cephalothorax and an abdomen.Their skeleton is very hard.They have 10 legs and thefront pair of legs has claws.They also have 4 antennae.

MYRIAPODS have long, thin,segmented bodies.They have many legs and twoantennae.They live in dark places.

ARTHROPODS

ARACHNIDS have two bodyparts: a cephalothorax made upof the head and the thorax andan abdomen.They have 8 legs and up to 8eyes.

INSECTS have three bodyparts: a head, a thorax and anabdomen.All insects have two antennaeand three pairs of legs (joinedto the thorax).

molluscs

This large group of invertebrates is divided intothree subgroups: gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods.

Cephalopods

Gastropods

Bivalves

They have got a soft body with 2 shells joined in one point (clams, mussels).

They have got a soft body, a shell, 2 antennae with eyes (snail).

They have got tentacles in the head (squids, cuttlefish).

OTHER GROUPS OF IVERTEBRATES

Equinoderms

Sponges

Cnidarians

Annelids

CNIDARIANS (i.e. jellyfish and anemones) live in the sea.They have a soft, jelly-likebody with one opening. Thisopening is surrounded byvenomous tentacles.

SPONGES live in water. They are the simplest invertebrates.They have no muscles, nervous system or circulatory system

ANNELIDS have a long, soft body with moist skin. Many annelids are parasites and liveinside the bodies of other animals. Most annelids live in water, but they can also live on land.

EQUINODERMS (i.e.Starfish) live at the bottom of the sea. They are coveredby a hard, spiny skin.