Mind map Chapter - 2 Constitutional Design

Laws of conservation of momentum: If external force action on a system of bodies is zero, the net momentum of system remains conserved

• Established by Sir Isaac Newton in 1686
• Gives relationship between force applied and state of motion acquired by it.

Intertia

• Property of the body by virtue of which it opposes any change in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line .
• Mass is a measure of Intertia.
• Larger the mass, greater is the intertia.

First Law

Second Law

Third Law

A body continues in its state of rest oro of uniform motion in a straight line unless an external force acts on it.~ Also called Galileo's law of interia.~ E.g Book lying on table will only move a force is applied on it by hand.

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to force applied and change in momentum is along the direction of applied force .~ F a △p/△t or F = △p/△t~ Eg - while catching a ball, hands are moved backwards to reduce the force by the ball on hand.

To every action there is a equal and opposite reaction; but the action and reaction forces act on different bodies.~ ➙F12 = - ➙F21~ Eg ., to walk, the feet push the ground (action) and in turn ground exerts equal force in opposite direction (reaction).

Rest

~ Due to this intertia, a body at rest tends to remain at rest.

Motion

~ Due to this intertia, a body in uniform motion tends to continue its motion.

Constitutional Design

Democratic Constitution in South Africa

Towards a NewConstitution

Struggel aganist Apartheid

• Apartheid government ended.
• Most extensive rights given to citizens.

• A system of racial discrimination in South Africa .
• Divided people on the basis of colour (black & white) coloured.

Why do we need a Constitution?

• A set of written rules by all people.
• Generates a degree of trust necessary for different kind of people to live together.
• Specifies how the govt. will be constituted.
• Limit the power of govt.
• Expresses the aspirations of people of creating a good society.

Making of the Indian Constitution

The path to Constitution

The Constitution Asssembly

• In 1928, Motilal Nehru & eight Congress leaders drafted a constitution.
• Inclusion of universal adult franchise, right to freedom, equality, etc..
• Leaders were inspired by ideals of French Revolution, Bill of Rights in US, etc...

• Drafted the constitution.
• 299 members wrote the Indian Constitution.
• Some members were namely, Dr. Rajendra Prasad (first President of India), Jaipal singh (founder of Jharkhand Party), H.C. mookherje

Guiding the values of the Indian Constitution.

The Dream and the Promise

• All inequalities removed from India.

Philosophy of the Constitution

Institutional Design

• Statement of basic values is called Preamble.
• India to be Soverign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.
• To ensure Justice, Liberty, Equality,Fraternity to all citizens.

• Procedure for chposing persons who govern the country.
• Rights provided to citizens so that government actions are limited.