ACCOUNTS PRESNTATION

Change In Profit Sharing Ratio

Reconstution:Change in existing profit sharing ratio

Meaning of partnership and reconsitution of firm:-

• Partnership: As per Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, "Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all."
• Reconstution of firm: Partnership agreement defines the relationship among the partners and whenever there is change in relationship, it resuls in reconstution of the firm. Such reconstution of the firm always leads to change in profit-sharing ratio among the partners. A firm is reconstutied, whenever there is a:-

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1. Change in profit -sharing ratio among the existing partners
2. Admission of a new partner
3. Retirement of an existing partner
4. Death of a partner
5. Amalgamation of two or more partnership firms

CONCEPT OF CHANGE IN THE PROFIT SHARING RATIO AMONG EXISTING PARTNERS:

• Meaning :-

i. It means reconstution of the firm whereby the profit-sharing ratio among all the partners changes. ii. It can be due to change in capital contribution or increased participation in management by one or more rtners. iii. It can also be on account of one or more partner(s) acquiring share of profit in the business from another partner(s). Therefore, the aggregate amount of gain of one(or more) partner(s) is equal to the aggregate amount loss/sacrifice borne by other partner(s). iv. Therefore, if the share of one (or more) partner(s) increases then the share of profit of one (or more) partner(s) decreases. v. It leads to dissolution of partnership but not the dissolutionof the firm. This is because the existing partnership agreement ends and the new agreement comes into effect.

• Adjustment for change in profit sharing ratio:- Issues that need to be considered at the time of change in profit sharing ratio:

i. Determining Sacrificing and Gaining ratio, ii. Treatment for Goodwill, iii. Accounting treatment for Reserves and Accumulated Profits or Losses, iv. Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities, and v. Adjusting the capital accounts of the partners for the same.

Meaning and the Compution of Sacrificing and Gaining Ratio:-

The prime purpose of computing the sacrificing and gaining ratio is to determine the amount of compensation(goodwill) that the gaining partner shall pay to the sacrigicng partner. Following points help us in understanding their meaning:-

i. Sacrificing Ratio:-

It is the ratio in which one or more partners forego their share of profits in in favour of one or more partners of the firm. In simple terms, it is the ratio of sacrifice made by one or more partners.

• MEANING:

• COMPUTSTION:

Sacrificng ratio = Old ratio-New ratio

ii. Gaining Ratio:-

It is that ratio in which one or more partners gain share of profit as a result of sacrifice made by other partners of the firm. In simple terms, it is the ratio of gained share in profits of two or more partners in terms of the ratio.

• MEANING:

• COMPUTION:

Gaining ratio = New ratio-Old ratio

Accounting Treatment of Goodwill

• Intangible Assets:

Following are the points specified for Goodwill by AS-26 on Intangible Assets:

i. It should be recorded in the books only when consideration in money or money's worth has been paid. ii. It should not be recorded in the books in the event of admission, retirement, death or change in the profit-sharing ratio among the partners as no consideration is paid for such goodwill. iii. In case, when no consideration is paid for goodwill, it has to be adjusted through the Patner's Capital Account. iv. In case the goodwill is raised in the books it should be written off immediately. v. In case of change in profit sharing ratios, compensation payable by the gaining partner for his gain to the sacrificng partner or partner is known as Goodwill or Premium for Goodwill.

• Premium on Goodwill:

i. Whenever there is increase in the profit share of a partner, it means that such partner purchases share of profit from other partners by acquiring his or their share. ii. The purchase whose share of profit increases should compensate the partner or partners whose share(s) is decereased i.e. gaining partner should compensate sacrificing partner(s). iii. This compensation payable by the gaining partner for his gain to sacrificing partner or partner is known as Goodwill or Premium for Goodwill. iv. Amount of compensation payable is calculated as follows:

• Entry to be passed to adjust Goodwill, when there is a change in the profit sharing ratio and no Goodwill Account is Opened:

i. In case of Fluctuating Capitals: Gaining Partner's Capital A/cs Dr. [In gaining ratio] To Sacrificing Partner's Capital A/cs [In sacrificing ratio] (The adjustment made for goodwill on change in profit sharing ratio) ii. In case of Fixed Capitals: Gaining Partner's Current A/cs Dr. [In gaining ratio] To Sacrificing Partner's Current A/cs [In sacrificing ratio]

• Entry to be passed to adjust Goodwill, when there is a change in profit sharing ratio and when Goodwill Account is Opened:

i. In case of fluctuating capitals: a. Goodwill A/c Dr. [In old profit sharing ratio] To Partner's Capital A/cs (Goodwill raised & cr. to partners capital a/c in old ratio) b. Partner's Capital A/cs Dr. [In new profit sharing ratio] To goodwill A/c (Goodwill Dr. to partners capital a/c in new ratio) ii. In case of Fixed Capitals: a. Goodwill A/c Dr. [In old profit sharing ratio] To Partner's Current A/cs (Goodwill raised & Cr. to partner's current a/c in old ratio) b. Partner's Current A/cs Dr. [In new profit sharing ratio] To Goodwill A/c (Goodwill Dr. to partners current a/c in new ratio)

• Accounting treatment for goodwill that is existing in the books of the firm:

1. Writing off the amount of goodwill by debiting it to the Partner's Capital Accounts or the Current Accounts in their old profit sharing ratio and by crediting Goodwill Account. All Partner's Capital/Current A/cs Dr. [In old ratio] To Goodwill A/c [With existing book value of goodwill]

2. Such goodwill appearing in the books of accounts is written off because fresh valuation of goodwill is made which includes the value of already existing goodwill. 3. In order to avoid the double recording of goodwill, already existing goodwill is to be written off and only the fresh goodwill is to be recorded. 4. When the partners decide to carry forward the value of goodwill in the books of account, net effect of increase or decrease is to be given to the goodwill value.

Treatment of Reserves, Accumulated Profits or Losses that exist in the books of account at the time of change in profit sharing ratio:-

If any reserves and accumulated profits or osses exist in the books of firm at the time of change in profit sharing ratio, they are to be transfered to Partner's Capital Accounts or their Current Accounts in their old profit sharing ratio as such existing reserves and profits are earned before the reconstitution of the firm.

• Workmen Compensation Reserve:

i. It is a reserve that is set aside or appropriated out of firm's profits to meet any of the possible liabilities with respect to employees compensation, if it aries. ii. Claim with respect to such liablities may or may not arise. iii. The amount of claim may or may not be equal to the amount of reserves.

Accounting Traetment of Workmen Compensation Reserves under different situations: Following are the journal entries for explaining accounting treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve under different situation:

a. When claim against workmen compensation reserve does not exist: In this situation, amount of this reserve is transferred to Partner's Capital Accounts in their old profit sharing ratio. Entry to be passed is:

Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c Dr. To Partner's Capital(or current) A/c (workmen compensation reserve cr. to partners capital/current a/c in their old profit sharing ratio)

b. When calim for workmen compensation reserve exists: In such situation, treatment shall depend on the amount of liabilities:

i. Claim is equal to reserves: Amount of resrves is transfered to Provision for Workmen Compensation Claim Account. Entry to be passed: Workmen Compensation Reserve a/c Dr. To Provision for Workmen Compensation Claim A/s (Provision made for estimated compensation claim)

ii. Claim amount is lower than the reserve: Excess of workmen compensation reserve over the workmen compensation claim is credited to all partners in their old profit sharing ratio. Entry is: Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c Dr. To Provision for Workmen Compensation Claim A/c To Partner's Capital/Current A/c (Surplus of W.C.R transfered tp partner's capital/current a/c in their old profit sharing ratio)

iii. Claim amount is higher than the reserve: Amount is excess of reserve is debited to Revaluation Account as the loss is to be borne by the partner's in old profit sharing ratio. Enrty is:

• Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c Dr.

Revaluation A/c Dr. To Provision for Workmen Compensation Claim A/c (amount of estimated claim dr. to W.C.R and Revaluation a/c)

• Partner's Capital/Current A/c Dr. [in old ratio]

To Revaluation A/c (loss on revaluation transfered to capital/current a/c of partners in their old ratio)

• Investment Fluctuation Reaserve:

i. It is a reserve which is set aside out of the profits to meet fall in the market value of investments. ii. In order to decide the treatment of this reserves, it is necessary to first determine whether the book value and the market value are same or different and if different, which value is higher and which is lower.

Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Reserve:

i. When book value and market value are same: Entry has to be passed to transfer the amount of Investment Fluctulation Reserves to Partner's Capital/Current Accounts in their old profit sharing ratio as below: Investment Fluctuation Reserve A/c Dr. To partner's capital/current A/c [in old ratio] ii. When Market Value if less than the Book Value: In this case, treatment of investments Fluctuation Reserve shall depend on the quantum of decrease, which has 3 possibilities as follows:

a. Fall in Value is Less than Investments Fluctuation reserve: The amount of Investment Fluctuation Reserve to the exent of fall in value, is transfered to Investment Account and balance is distributed among the partners in their old profit sharing ratio for which following entry is to be passed: Investment Fluctuation Reserve A/c Dr. To Investment A/c [Book value-Market value] To Partner's Capital/current A/c [In old ratio] b. Fall in Value is equal to Investments Fluctuation reserves: In this case, amount of Investment Fluctuation reserve is transfered to Investment Account and no amount is distributed among the partners. Entry for the same is as follows: Investment Fluctuation Reserve A/c Dr. To Investment A/c

c. Fall in Value is More than Investments Fluctuation Reserves: In this case, amount of Investment Fluctuation Reserve along with balance amount of fall in value is transfered to Investment Account and the amount in excess of reserves is debited to the Revaluation Account for which following entries are passed:

• Investment Fluctuation Reserves A/c Dr.

Revaluation A/c Dr. To Investment A/c

• Partner's Capital/Current A/c Dr. [In old ratio]

To Revaluation A/c

iii. When there is an Increase in Market Value of Investment: In this case, total amount of Investment Fluctuation Reserve is distributed among partners and increase in value of investment is credited to Revaluation Account for which following entry is to be passed:

• Investment Fluctuation Reserve A/c Dr.

To Partner's Capital/Current A/c [In old ratio]

• Investment A/c Dr.

To Revaluation A/c [Investment brought up to Market Value]

• Revaluation A/c Dr.

To Partner's Capital/Current A/c [In old ratio]

Adjustment of Accumulated Profits, Losses and Reserves through Partner's Capital Accounts, i.e. When Accumulated Profits, Losses and Resserves are to be in the Books:-

I. If the partners of the firm decide that existing balances of Profit and Loss Account or Reserves should continue to appear at the same amount in the Balance Sheet of the reconstituted firm, then an adjustment enrty for the net effect of accumulated profits, losses and reserves is passed since they were earned in past. II. Such entry is passed throgh the Partner's Capital Accounts using the following steps: STEP 1: Net effect of Reserves, Accumulated Profits and losses is to be calculated. STEP 2: Gain/loss of share is to be calculated. STEP 3: Share of Gaining and Sacrificing Partners in the Net Accumulated Profits, Losses and Reserves is to be calculated as below:

• For Gaining Partner = Net Effect* Share Gained
• For sacrificing Partner = Net Effect* Share Sacrificed

STEP 4: Adjustment entries are to be passed as follows:

• In case if Positive Effect(Net Profit):

Gaining Partner's Capital/Current A/cs Dr. To Sacrificing Partner's Capital/Current A/cs

• In case of Negative Effect(Net Loss):

Sacrificing Partner's Capital/Current A/cs Dr. To Gaining Partner's Capital/Current A/cs

Treatment of reserves, accumulated profits and losses when nothing is mentioned in the question:

Journal Entries to be passed for the mentioed transactions are as follows:

a. For distributing reserves and accumulatrd profits: General Reserves A/c Dr. Profit and Losses A/c Dr. Workmen Compensation Reserves A/c Dr. Investment Fluctuation Reserves A/c Dr. To All Partner's Capital A/c (In old profit sharing ratio) Amount of workmen compensation reserve distributed shall be excess of reserves over liability. Amount of investment fluctuation reserve distributed shall be excess of reserve over difference between Book Value and Market value.

b. For writing off accumulated losses: All Partner's Capital A/c Dr. (In old profit sharing ratio) To Profit and Loss A/c

Accounting Treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities:

In that event of change in profit sharing ratio of the partners, assets are revalued and liabilities are to be reassessed. Such revaluation will result in gain or loss which is to be distributed to the partners in their old profit sharing ratio. The partners are not necessarily required to record the revised valued in the books of the firm. The partners may decide to: i. Record revised values of assets and liabilitites; or ii. Not to record the revised values of assets and liabilities. Accounting treatment under each of the option is different and hence, partners need to be careful of the treatment for the option chosen.

I. Accounting Treatment when revised values of assets and liabilities are to be recorded: In such situation, revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities are to be recorded in an account known as "Revaluation Account" or "Profit and Loss Adjustment Account"

• Understanding Revaluation Account: In the event of change in profit sharing ratio of the partners, assets are revalued and liabilities are to be ressessed. Such revaluation will result in gain or loss which is to be distributed to the partners in their old profit sharing ratio. For the purpose recording such increase or decrease on revaluation, revaluation account is maintained.

• Features of Revaluation Account are as follows:

i. Increase in assets value and decrease in liabilities are to be credited to the Revaluation Account. ii. Decrease in assets and increase in liabilities are to be debited to the Revaluation Account. iii. Unrecorded assets are credited and unrecorded liabilities are to be debited to the revaluation account. iv. If the credit side is bigger than the debit side of the account, it is referrred as gain or profit on revaluation. v. If the debit side is bigger than the credit side of the account, it is referred as loss on revaluation. vi. Finally, such profit or loss is credited or debited to the Partner's Capital/ Current Accounts in their old profit sharing ratio.

• Accounting entries to record the Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities:

i. Increase in the value of an asset: Assets A/c (individually) Dr. To Revaluation A/c ii. Decrease in the value of an asset: Revaluation A/c Dr. To Assets A/c (Individually) iii. Increase in the amount of a liability: Revaluation A/c Dr. To liability A/c (Individually)

iv. Decrease in the amount of a liability: Liability A/c (individually) Dr. To Revaluation A/c v. Recording an unrecorded assets: Unrecorded Assets A/c Dr. To Revaluation A/c vi. Recording an unrecorded liability: Revaluation A/c Dr. To unrecorded Liability A/c vii. Transfer of Balance in Revaluation Account: a. In case of gain in Revaluation Account: Revaluation A/c Dr. (Individually in old ratio) To Partner's Capital/Current A/cs b. In case of loss in Revaluation Account: Partner's Capital/Current A/cs Dr. To Revaluation A/c (Individually in old ratio)

• Expenses on Reconstution of the Firm:

i. Expenses that are incurred by the firm to give effect to the change in profit sharing ratio may be incurred as remuneration to a partner or as payment to an outside party for rendering of services. These expenses are debited to the Revaluation Account being an expense incurred in the event of reconstution of the firm. ii. Following entry is passed when remuneration is paid to a partner: Revaluation A/c Dr. To Concerned Partner's Capital A/c (remuneration cr. to concerned partners capital a/c) Generally, remuneration paid to the partner's is the consideration paid for the services rendered by him. iii. This remuneration may sometimes includes expenses that are borne by the partner. In the absesnce of information as to who paid the expenses, it is assumed that partner has paid the expenses. If the partner is to bear the expenses and also has been paid by him, no entry is passed. iv. If expenses that were to be borne by the partner but are paid by the firm, entry is passed as follows: Concerned Partner's Capital A/c Dr. To Cash/Bank A/c (Expenses to be borne by the partner are paid by the firm) v. If expenses are incurred and paid by the firm: Revaluation A/c Dr. To Cash/Bank A/c (the expenses for reconstuting the firm)

It implies that the amount borne by the firm is debited to the Revaluation Account.

• Specimen of a Revaluation Account:

REVALUATION ACCOUNT

Dr.

Cr.

Amount

Particulars

Particulars

Amount

To Assets(Individually) - Decrease in value of reveluation To Liabilities (Individually) -Increase in amount of ressessment To Unrecorded Liabilities A/c To Partner's Capital A/c (remuneration) To Cash/Bank A/c (Expenses) To Gain(profit) on Revulation transferred to partner's capital/current a/c

By Assets (individually) -Increase in value on revaluation By Liabilities (Individually) -Decrease in amount on ressessment By Unrecorded Assets A/c By Loss on Revulation transferred to partner's capital/current a/c

*only one will appear at a time NOTE: If revaluation account is prepaired by an enity, assets and liabilities will appear in the balance sheet of the reconstituted firm at their revised(change) values.

• Treatment for profit or loss arising from the revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities:

i. In the event of change in the profit sharing ratio, assets are revalued and liabilities are reassessed. This is basically done to increase or decrease the value of assets and liabilities up to the date of change in profit sharing ratio. ii. The net gain or loss arising on account of such revaluation and reassessment is for the period before the change in profit sharing ratio. Such gain or loss is therefore, credited or debited to the partner's capital accounts in their old profit sharing ratio.

II. Accounting Treatment when revised values of assets and liabilities are not to be recorded:

When revised values of assets and liabilities are not to be recorded in the books, gain or loss on revaluation is adjusted throgh Partner's Capital Accounts by passing adjustment entry to the Capital/Current Accounts. For the treatment mentioned above, following steps should be followed:

i. Calculate net effect of Revaluation (i.e. net effect of increase or decrease in asets and liabilities) ii. Calculate the share of sacrifice or gain by the partners using formula as follows: Sacrifice/(gain) = Old Share - New Share iii. Calculate prportionate amount of the net effect of revaluation. For Gaining Partner = Share Gained * Net Effect of Revaluation For sacrificing Partner = Share Sacrificied * Net Effect of Revaluation iv. Journal entry is to be passed for the amount determined in the prevoius step as follows:

• In case of gain or profit on revaluation:

Gaining Partner's Capital A/cs Dr. To Sacrificing Partner's Capital A/cs

• In case of loss on revaluation:

Sacrificing Partner's Capital A/cs Dr. To Gaining Partner's Capital A/cs

Adjustment Of Capital:

• Need to Adjust Capital:

i. In the event of change in profit sharing ratio, adjusments are made for change in value of assets and liabilities, goodwill and distribution of reserves, accumulated profits and losses, change in partner's capital. ii. Also, if the partners decide total capital of the firm and also that the capital shall be in profit sharing ratio of the partners then also capital of the partners has to be adjusted iii. In case the partners capital fall(s) short or has shortage of the required capital, thrn such partner(s) will have to bring more capital. iv. In case the partner's capital is(are) surplus(excess) of the required capital, then such partner(s) may withdraw surplus or excess capital. v. Any shortage or surplus of Capital can be adjusted through Current Accounts. vi. Accounting Treatment:

• For Adjusting Shortage of Capital:

Bank A/c or Concerned Partner's Current A/c Dr. To Concerned Partner's Capital A/c

• For Adjusting Surplus of Capital:

Concerned Partner's Capital A/c To Bank A/c or Concerned Partner's Current A/c

• Adjustement of Partner's Capital, if total Capital of the new firm is already given:

i. When total Capital of the new firm(reconstituted firm) is already given, then it is divided among the partner's in their new profit sharing ratio. This respective share of Capital will be their new Capital. ii. Once this is done, the surplus(excess) or deficit (shortage) capitals is calculated by comparing the new capital and present adjusted capital.

Thankyou!!

Vanshika YadavXii- Commerce

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