CONDITIONALS

Conditionals

describe possible results or consequences

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Zero Conditional

The zero conditional is used to talk about results that are always true, such as scientific facts.

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FORM

A zero conditional sentence has an 'if' clause and a main clause. Either clause can come first, but when the 'if' clause comes first, we use a comma. 'If' can also be replaced by 'when'.

If I eat too much, I feel sick. When it rains, I use an umbrella.

If/when + simple present

simple present + if/when + simple present

I use an umbrella if it rains. Water boils when it reaches 100 degrees Celsius.

Note: The zero conditional is also used to form the imperative.If you're tired, get some sleep.

First Conditional

The first conditional is used when talking about future events that will most likely happen.

Form

A first conditional sentence has an ‘if’ clause and a main clause. Either clause can come first, but when the ‘if’ clause comes first we use a comma.

If he sleeps late, he will be tired tomorrow. If you leave later, you will not arrive on time.

If + simple present, simple future

You will arrive on time if you leave now.She will cook dinner if you go grocery shopping.

simple future + if + simple present

Second Conditional

The second conditional is used when talking about unlikely results because the conditions are unlikely, such as hypothetical situations.

FORM

A second conditional sentence has an ‘if’ clause and a main clause.Either clause can come first, but when the ‘if’ clause comes first we use a comma.

would (not) + bare infinitive + if + simple pat

I would not refuse if you offered me a new car. I would buy my own private island if I won the lottery.

If + simple past, would (not) + bare infinitive

If I had children, I would wake up early every morning.If I were you, I wouldn’t eat old fish.

would (not) + bare infinitive + if + simple past

Note: Even though the tense is simple past, we are talking about the present when we use the second conditional.

Third Conditional

The third conditional is used when talking about a possible result of something that did not actually happen in the past. It can also be used to express regret about mistakes or past choices.

would (not) have + past participle + if + past perfect

If + past perfect + would (not) have + past participle

Form

If I had known the movie had such low ratings, I would not have watched it.If I had studied more, I would have passed the test.

I would have attended the meeting if you had told me it was mandatory.We would have gone to the park if it hadn’t snowed.

A third conditional sentence has an ‘if’ clause and a main clause. Either clause can come first, but when the ‘if’ clause comes first we use a comma.