"DEFENSE MECHANISMS. REACTIONS TO A CRISIS. DEFENSE MECHANISMS"

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Block of content 2:

How DO we react TO STRESS (OR STRESSFUL SITUATIONS?

UNIT :

REACTIONS TO a CRISIS. pERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

MÓDULO PSI: "·Apoyo psicológico en situaciones de emergencia"

SUBJECT:"Psychological support in emergencies" (PSIE)

Material didáctico, destinado a nuestros alumnos, elaborado por: Didactic contents aimed at our students, produced by: Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D. Departament Sanitat (Health Department) CIPFP La Costera , Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

UNIT :

REACTIONS TO THE CRISIS

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN ?

- WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CRISIS REACTIONS?- WHAT IS MEANT BY "DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF PERSONALITY ? - TYPES OF PERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

UNIT

REACTIONS TO A CRISIS

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF REACTIONS TO A CRISIS?

What is MEANT BY DEFENSE MECHANISM OF PERSONALITY?

What are "Reality-directed reactions"

Useful links

What are defence mechanisms

Types of Defence mechanisms

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

UNIT :

REACTIONS TO A CRISIS

THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF REACTIONS TO A CRISIS

REACTIONS DIRECTED TO REALITY (OR REALITY-DIRECTED REACTIONS:

THIS IS A CONSTRUCTIVE ATTEMPT TO ADAPT TO THE NEW SITUATION, ACCEPTING THE PROBLEM or CONFLICT, AND LOOKING FOR STRATEGIES AND RESOURCES TO SOLVE IT.

PERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS:

THIS IS A "DISTORTION" OF REALITY OF AN UNCONSCIOUS NATURE.THEY ARE AIMED AT DECREASING PSYCHOLOGICAL PAIN. DEFENSE MECHANISMS DOES NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEM OR CONFLICT, BUT THEY ARE USEFUL TO CONTROL ANXIETY.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

IN OTHER WORDS....

THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF REACTIONS TO A CRISIS

CRISIS

REALITY-DIRECTED REACTIONS

DEFENCE MECHANISMS

-tHEY HELP TO REDUCE ANXIETY. -DO NOT SOLVE THE CONFLICT OR PROBLEM

-iT IDENTIFIES OR RECOGNISES THE PROBLEM -ACTS ON THE CONFLICT OR PROBLEM

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

IN OTHER WORDS:

REACTIONS DIRECTED TO REALITY (Reality-directed reactions)

They are behaviours or attitudes that a person consciously adopts, in order to adapt to a stressful situation.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

REACTIONS DIRECTED TO REALITY. SOME EXAMPLES:

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

A) coping with events

B) Using one's own abilities:

C) Affiliation

Dealing with events, or facing events in a realistic way. (Without exaggerating them, but without downplaying their importance)

To look for support in other people, (especially in the closest family or friends or in associations of people in the same situation. For example, association for the fight against cancer, alcoholics anonymous.).

In order to solve the problem. To overcome the situation, (or to live with the problem in the least distressing way possible)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

REVISION/listening ACTIVITY

The term "AFFILIATION" IS SYNONYMOUS WITH: (Two of the given options are correct)

Hit the button to find the answer!

To look for support in other people

Dealing or coping with problems in a realistic way

Seeking support from close family and friends

Using one own's abilities to solve the problem

Ignoring the problem

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

Review/Listening ACTIVITY

"Coping with events" means: (Two of the given options (1-5) are correct)

Hit the button to find the answer!

Ignoring the problem

Dealing with problems or facing them in a realistic way

Using one own's abilities to solve the problem

Facing problems without exaggerating them

Looking for support from close friends

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Listening ACTIVITY

AN EXAMPLE OF Affiliation

WATCH AND LISTEN TO THIS VIDEO, (produced by Alcoholics Anonymous). Fill in the blanks with the correct term:

Young People's Animation Video: https://www.aa.org/#video-player

"My _______is Rachel and I am an __________. I am 24 years ______ now. I'm coming up on ______years sober ". I had my first_______ when I was about_______years old. I felt____ if I had found the______piece".

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

UNIT 7:

PERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS

definiTION and 2 characteristics:

Top10 defense mechanisms: https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/defense-mechanisms#defense-mechanisms

they are unconscious psychological processes.

they help us to defend or protect ourselves from anxiety, (even if they do not solve the problem or conflict causing anxiety).

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Hit the button to learn more!

PERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS

https://www.verywellmind.com/defense-mechanisms-2795960

in other words...

-DEFENSE MECHANISMS ARE A "DISTORTION" OF REALITY OF AN UNCONSCIOUS NATURE. -They are aimed at CONTROLLING or decreasing PSYCHOLOGICAL PAIN, PROTECTING us from the anxiety of every day life.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Reading ACTIVITY

Who were the "creators "of these defence mechanisms?

CLICK ON THE LINK TO FIND OUT THE ANSWER

These are some of the most common defence mechanisms

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

How Do Defense Mechanisms Work?

https://www.verywellmind.com/defense-mechanisms-2795960

http://www. simplypsychology.org/psyche

Read the text and answer the questions next paget term:

READING ACTIVITY

CLICK ON THE BUTTON TO FIND OUT more information about Freud's model of personality

In Sigmund Freud's model of personality, the EGO is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The ID is the most basic, part of our personalities and it represents BASIC IMPULSES. This is the part of the personality that seeks to fulfill or SATISFY all wants, needs, and impulses The SUPEREGO is made up of all of the internalized morals and values we acquire from our parents, other family members, religious influences, and society .

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Sigmund freud's psychoanalitic theory

READING ACTIVITY: Decide which of the following statements are true or false

1) the superego represents the basic impulses

2) The ego has to cope with the demands of superego and id

3) The EGO includes rules and values we acquire from our parents and society

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS?

UNIT 7:

displacement

ReGRESSION

RePRESSION

rationalization

SUBLIMATION

Denial

oTHERS:

PROJECTION

- Reaction Formation.- Identification

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS?

displacement

rationalization

Denial

PROJECTION

ReGRESSION

RePRESSION

SUBLIMATION

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

CLICK THE BUTTON and read the explanation here!

displacement or substitution

- IT consists of redirecting (or diverting) the person's impulses, (generally aggressive or sexual, towards a more acceptable object.) -it is something like "kicking the cat or the dog, when you get angry ".

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

displacement or substitution

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Some examples of displacement:

• A student under pressure from his family, discharges his/her anger by treating a weaker colleague badly.

• A health professional who cannot express his/her anger or rage with his/her superiors, and gets angry with his /her colleagues and with his/her patients.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Intellectualisation (or rationalisation)

• This mechanism subjects behaviour, ideas or feelings to a process of reasoning, in order to suppress the emotions or stress caused by the situation.

• This is an essential defence mechanism for health workers. (Especially when caring for seriously injured or seriously ill people).

CLICK the BUTTON and read the explanation here!

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Intellectualisation (or rationalisation)

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

What are examples of rationalization?

• When year after year, we make excuses for not giving up smoking, eating a healthier diet or taking more physical exercise.

Learn more here!

• When a person finds a situation difficult to accept, they will make up a logical reason why it has happened. For example, a person may explain a natural disaster as 'God's will'.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

denial (denial of reality)

• Consists of denying reality (or refusing to accept reality).

• In other words, the individual refuses to accept reality, (to avoid the anxiety that coping with the situation would cause him or her)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

denial (denial of reality)

LOOK FOR the meaning of these verbs :To DENY and TO REFUSE (in Cambridge dictionary)

This is a frequent mechanism in patients who are diagnosed with a serious illness!

What are examples of DENIAL?

1) Refusal to accept one's own obesity 2) Denial of the mental retardation of a loved one, 3) Refusal to accept the diagnosis of a serious illness (cancer, dementia)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Reading ACTIVITY

WATCH THIS VIDEO about DENIAL. Which of the following options are mentioned in the video, as examples of denial ?.

Defense Mechanism - Denial: https://youtu.be/AqsT5Od-IB4

The little boy who insists on saying: "No, I don't have any problem!".

A woman refusing to accept the diagnosis of a serious illness.

A woman refusing to accept that her husband did not passed away

A man refusing to accept that he is not single anymore.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

Activity to review previous contents: AUDIO -READING

Which of the following options matches best with the mechanism known as "DENIAL" : (Two of the given options are correct)

Hit the button to find the answer!

This mechanism consists of refusing to accept reality.

This mechanism subjects, ideas or feelings to a process of reasoning,

Refusing to accept a serious illness, is an example of denial.

It consists of redirecting the person's impulses

It consists of making excuses to reduce stress

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

Reading/review ACTIVITY

match the two halves of each sentence together correctly:

Hit the button to find the answer!

.... can be described as an example of displacement

Refusing to accept a serious illness, ....

When a sedentary person always gives excuses for not doing sport......

...this is an example of denial.

When a person "redirects" his/her anger towards a more acceptable object......

....can be seen as another example of denial.

When smokers refuse to admit that smoking is bad for their health.....

...he/she is carrying out a mechanism of racionalization.

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

Reading ACTIVITY

WATCH THIS VIDEO about DENIAL. Which of the following options are mentioned in the video, as examples of denial ?.

Defense Mechanism - Denial: https://youtu.be/AqsT5Od-IB4

https://youtu.be/ndW-a72I40M (other video aboyt denial

DEFENSE MECHANISMS very funny, nice video, with examples from films!

https://youtu.be/7klGl8hQvb0

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Projection

• This mechanism was proposed by Anna Freud.

• By using this mechanism individual attributes unwanted feelings , thoughts or ideas to other people.

Hit the button and look for the explanation here!

• This mechanism HIDES SELF IMPULSES,
• (that are threatening the person self-image) by attributing them to someone else.

Look for the meaning of the verb to hide, here

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Projection

What are examples of PROJECTION?

Find the translation of this example here

1) A health professional who thinks that all his or her patients are unpleasant. 2) Imagine that you hate someone in your family, but your superego tells you that this feeling is unacceptable. Through the mechanism of projection, you attribute this negative feeling to the other person, thinking that he or she is the one who hates you.

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS?

Hit the button to find a chart summarising the main defense mechanisms

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Mechanisms of defense Video: https://youtu.be/v80Nd8w1uts

Watch this video to learn about it

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS? Take a look at this chart

Hit the button to find out more information summarising the main defense mechanisms

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

lINKOGRAPHY: some useful links and resources

From WEBMD: What Is Neurotic Behavior? https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/neurotic-behavior-overview

Freud's Structure of Personality Theory: https://youtu.be/Gfrrl8_U1Ac

Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective

Alcoholics Anonymous: https://www.aa.org/#video-playerhttps://www.aa.org/#video-player

https://opentextbc.ca/psychologyopenstax/chapter/freud-and-the-psychodynamic-perspective/

Defense Mechanism - Denial: https://youtu.be/AqsT5Od-IB4

20 C0MMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS: https://www.verywellmind.com/defense-mechanisms-2795960

DEFENSE MECHANISMS very funny, nice video, with examples from movies: https://youtu.be/7klGl8hQvb0

Defense mechanisms (by Simply Psychology) https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

McLeod, S. A. (2019, April 10). Defense mechanisms. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

FINE vIdeo about defense mechanisms: https://www.simplypsychology.org/video/ezoic/view?videoID=3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9

Mechanisms of defense GREAT Video: https://youtu.be/v80Nd8w1uts

Sigmund Freud and Defense Mechanisms (Psychology): https://youtu.be/rWAJ58aqHjY

10 Defense Mechanisms: What Are They and How They Help Us:_ https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/defense-mechanisms

10 Psychological Defense Mechanisms: https://youtu.be/WfeLzjqXemw

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

Your personality and your brain | Scott Schwefel | TEDxBrookings: https://youtu.be/8pq_tCgDkT4

5 Unhealthy Coping Mechanisms You Shouldn’t Ignore: https://youtu.be/PyIyxeMXKeg

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES (PSIE)

Prof. Celeste Carrasquer, M.D.CIPFP La Costera, Xàtiva (Valencia, Spain)

Unit:REACTIONS TO a CRISIS. pERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS.