GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

GErunds and Infınıtıves

to infinitive or -ing form

+ INFO

01

GERUNDS

Gerund, fiil köküne "-ing" ekinin eklenmesiyle oluşur. Bu ek Türkçede isim-fiil yapan '-me , -ma' ile aynı görevi yerine getirmektedir. Gerundlar cümlede bir ismin kulllanıldığı her yerde kullanılabilirler. Yani özne veya nesne konumunda bulunabilirler.

Reading is essential to broaden one's horizons.

Watching television series is a lot of fun.

My biggest problem at work now is having to deal with so many people every day.

The quality needed in this job is being polite all the time.

GERUNDS AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE

• Saving is important if you want to buy a house.
• Playing memory games can help you remember things.
• Finding the right answer on the Internet can be a frustrating process.
• Not exercising is worse for your health than eating out every day.
• Not being aware of the facts can't be regarded as an excuse.

• Gerund, bir cümlenin ya da bir yan cümlenin öznesi olarak kullanılır. Bu özne tek bir sözcükten ya da sözcük grubundan oluşabilir.
• Bir cümlenin öznesi gerund ise yüklemi tekil bir fiilden oluşur.
• Gerund'ı olumsuz yapmak için başına "not" getirilir.

GERUNDS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

• Edatların ardından bir fiil geldiğinde bu fiil mutlaka gerund haliyle kullanılır.
• Bu kural sonları her zaman bir preposition ile biten deyimsel fiilller (phrasal verbs) için de geçerlidir.

• The journalist got the answers by asking the right questions.
• This school has rules against bullying.
• Deborah looked forward to getting her own apartment.
• When do you plan on buying that car?

Noun + Preposıtıon

• Samantha took advantage of working with an experienced team and has become more succesful than ever expected.
• You are in charge of meeting the customers and making them feel comfortable.
• We are in the process of upgrading our computer systems.
• You should not have a habit of eating an entire chocolate cake every day.
• She has difficulty in making ends meet in spite of earning a big salary.
• The club encourages participation in sporting activities.
• The reason for his not being able to get up early is that he goes to bed too late.
• In exchange for borrowing this book from you, I can lend you one of mine.

NOUN + PREPOSITION + GERUND

ADJECTIVE + Preposıtıon

ADJECTIVE + Preposıtıon

• I'm tired of waiting for the bus to come. Let's take a taxi.
• I think I'm getting old. I'm beginning to feel tired from working here.
• My younger sister was really excited about going to Disneyland.
• Deborah's restaurant is known for having the best sushi in town.
• Peter is terrified of flying, he won't even go the airport to say goodbye to anyone.
• Who's responsible for breaking the window in the lounge?
• Though I tried to comfort her, she remained concerned about not hearing from her son.
• She doesn't seem keen on leaving the twins with a baby-sitter.

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + GERUND

VERB + Preposıtıon

• I believe in giving everbody a fair chance.
• Isn't Mıchael planning on buying a new house?
• I think you should complain about not getting what you ordered.
• Jerry can forget about passing his exams if he doesn't start studying now.
• You should concentrate on finding a job instead of playing games.
• He now has to abstain from drinking alcohol.
• Do you approve of her staying out so late?
• Seeing the cold weather, we decided against going on a day out.
• She is thinking about spending a year in England to improve her English.

verb + PREPOSITION + GERUND

verb + somebody + PREPOSITION + GERUND

Bazı fiillerde fiil ve edat arasına nesne gelebilir. accuse somebody of arrest somebody for blame somebody for charge somebody with criticise somebody for devote oneself to dissuade somebody from involve somebody in protect somebody from remind somebody of suspect somebody of warn somebody about/against/off apologize to somebody for complain to somebody about discourage somebody from prevent somebody from punish somebody for congratulate somebody on

• Did you hear that Margaret acused Mark of stealing her gold necklace?
• The police charged me with breaking into Mary's house and stealing her belongings.
• My boss will never forgive me for breaking the printer because he cannot afford one.
• Charles completely devoted himself to finding a solution to his problem.
• The storm deterred the climbers from going on their climb.
• We warned the children against going too near the lake.
• We warned the children about playing too near the lake.
• She apologized to me for being late.

GERUNDLARIN "TO" İLE KULLANIMI

• I am looking forward to travelling through Europe next summer.
• Mark prefers riding a motorcycle to driving a car.
• Rich is accustomed to having Jason go on adventures with him.
• I am opposed to cutting down the forest to build a road.
• I think I might be addicted to eating sushi.
• The new mayor is committed to making the city a safer place.
• Medical scientists are devoted to finding a cure for cancer.
• We have received no objections to building the new road.
• You should have seen Beth's reaction to getting a puppy for her birthday.

Deyimsel fiiller ve benzer ifadelerde bulunan "to" yapısından sonra gerund kullanılması gerekir. Bunun sebebi, yapıların sonunda bulunan "to"nun infinitive yapının bir parçası değil, edat olan "to" olmasıdır.

GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra gelen fiili gerund biçiminde alırlar. Gerund bu cümlelerde nesne olarak işlev görür.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

• He admitted stealing his mother's silver tray but denied selling it for drugs.
• He avoided looking at me while I was criticizing her.
• They had to postpone giving a party because of the car accident their son had.
• In order to improve your English, you should practise speaking it whenever possible.
• You have to quit eating too much if you want to slim.
• Though she is on a strict diet, she sometimes can't resist eating dessert.
• You risk losing all your money in that business.
• I suggest going for a walk instead of playing cards.
• I miss our gathering round my grandmother and listening to her war tales.

GERUNDS AS DIRECT OBJECT

EXPRESSIONS + GERUND

A waste of time / money / energy + Ving : It is a waste of money buying things you don't need. Busy Ving something : I am busy doing my homework. Please don't disturb me. Catch / Find somebody Ving something : Beth caught Tony eating the cake she'd made for Rick's birthday. It's no use / no good : It's no use trying to persuade my father. He won't allow me to come with you. There is no point in + Ving : There is no point in running for the train. It must have left by now.

Believe that life is worth living and your belief will help create the fact.

William James

EXPRESSIONS + GERUND

Lie / sit / stand somewhere + Ving : The cat stood at the corner waiting to be fed. Have problems / difficulty + Ving : We had no problem delivering your package. You should receive it today. Have fun / a good time + Ving : My sister in England says in her latter that she is having a good time there visiting interesting places and meeting people from various cultures. It's worth / not worth : Believe that life is worth living and your belief will help create the fact. Go + Ving : I went shopping yesterday, so I wasn't at home in the afternoon.

PASSIVE GERUNDS

I don't like being called to meetings suddenly. No one likes being told what to do by other people. Sheila won't tolerate being treated this way. You must apologize to her. David doesn't admit being bullied by his friends at school, but I am sure there is something wrong. I was ashamed of being scolded by my mother in front of our guests.

Passive gerund yapısı, öznenin başına gelen bir şeyi, maruz kaldığı bir olayı ya da bir eylemden etkilendiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde ana fiil etkendir ve isim-fiil edilgendir. Passive gerund = being + V3

PERFECT GERUNDS

The thief admitted having stolen the treasure. The thief admitted that he had stolen the treasure. David recalled having taught his daughter how to ride a bike. The boy denied having fallen from the top of the tree.

Perfect gerund, ana fiil ve isim fiilin arasında zaman farkı olduğu durumlarda kullanılmaktadır. Bu yapının kullanılabilmesi için isim-fiilin ana fiilden daha önce gerçekleşmiş olması gerekir. Perfect gerund = having + V3

PERFECT Passıve GERUNDS

I was accused of having been involved in the robbery. Rebecca, having been seen by her co-workers at the mall yesterday, couldn't deny not being sick. Robert rejects having been unemployed for nearly one year out of embarrassment. The sailors will never forget having been lost at sea for weeks.

Perfect passive gerund, ana fiil ve isim fiilin arasında zaman farkı olduğu durumlarda ve öznenin başına gelen bir şeyi, maruz kaldığı bir olayı ya da bir eylemden etkilendiğini anlatmak için kullanılmaktadır. Bu yapının kullanılabilmesi için isim-fiilin ana fiilden daha önce gerçekleşmesi gerekir. Perfect gerund = having been + V3

02

INFINITIVES

Whether it's nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And, by opposing, end them? Hamlet, Act III Scene I

She wants to study languages at university.

Infinitiveler bir fiilden önce to getirerek ya da hiçbir ek almadan yalın haliyle kullanarak oluşturulan isim-fiil yapılarıdır. Bu şekilde kullanılan fiiller Türkçeye sonlarında "-mek, -mak" eki olan haliyle çevrilir. Infinitive tek bir sözcükten ya da sözcük grubundan oluşabilir. Cümlede özne ya da nesne konumunda kullanılabilir.

They are planning to move into another house.

To exercise regularly is very healthy.

To fix a computer requires specialized skills.

INFINITIVEs as subject of a sentence

To save money is impossible these days. It is impossible to save money these days.To travel by minibus takes a lot of time. It takes a lot of time to travel by minibus. To knit is my grandmother's favourite hobby. My grandmother's favourite hobby is to knit. Not to drive in the big city is one of the best decisions you have made. One of the best decisions you have made is not to drive in the big city.

Simple infinitive ya da infinitive phrase bir cümlenin öznesi olabilir. Ancak İngilizce'de cümleye infinitive ile başlamak pek yaygın değildir.

INFINITIVES as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

My biggest aim has always been to learn English well. Mark's only problem is to manage his time. When I was a child, my ambition was to be an architect. After dinner tonight, my plan is to take a walk along the seashore. A government's policy should be to do whatever is needed to improve the standard of living.

"Be" fiilinden sonra infinitive kullanarak özneyi tanımlayıcı ya da açıklayıcı bir ifade elde edebiliriz.

INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES

You will have a full medical check-up. It is necessary. It is necessary for you to have a full medical check up. He went fishing on the lake in thick fog. It was foolish. It was foolish of him to go fishing on the lake in thick fog. You should buy holiday insurance for your trip to Egypt. It would be advisable. It would be advisable for you to buy holiday insurance for your trip to Egypt. She uses a computer to correspond with her brother in Australia. It is economical and convenient. It is economical and convenient for her to use a computer to correspond with her brother in Australia.

Sıfatlarla birlikte to infinitive kullanılabilir. Susan was disgusted to see the beggar being mistreated by the local people. Rick was curious to hear what Molly would tell her parents. They were happy to see us. It + be + adjective + (for/of) + to invinitive ... It was nice of you to meet me today. It will be impossible for him to convince her to move to Italy.

INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS

Michael has some chores to do and he is not allowed to go out before he finishes them. Not every person has the ability to think logically. Some people lack it totally. My determination to go on walking even in the rain surprised them all. His eagerness to pass the exam is at its peak these days. Everbody listened to the mayor's proposal to reduce the traffic in the city. Conrad has a tendency to ignore any advice he receives. The professor has three more classes to teach today.

Infinitive, bazı isimlerden sonra gelerek, o ismi tanımlayan bir sıfat işlevini üstlenir.

I was too tired to help with the house chores. It's too far to walk; we'll never get there in time. That movie is too scary for her to watch. She will get nightmares from it. This computer is not fast enough to work on. You do not have enough experience to work for our company. That shop doesn't have enough products to be successful.

INFINITIVES AFTER "ENOUGH" AND "TOO"

Sıfat ve zarfların derecesini ve miktarını belirtmek için "too" ve "enough" zarflarından birini kullanabiliriz. Eğer bir şey olması gerektiğinden fazla ise "too", olması gerektiği kadar ise "enough" kullanılır.

Mark went to university to study English Language teaching. To travel abroad, you must have a valid passport. So as to hide her identity, Hilary wore a costume. I went to the bookstore to buy a book. A dictionary isn't read like a book. It is used to look up the meaning or the spelling of a word.

INFINITIVE of purpose

Bir eylemin yapılış amacını belirtmek için "to infinitive" kullanılabilir. Daha öne conjunctions ünitesinde bahsedildiği gibi bu yapının daha resmi olması için "in order to" veya "so as to" da kullanılabilir.

INFınıtıve after QUESTION WORDS

We couldn't figure out where we would go. We couldn't figure out where to go. Could you please tell me who I will see about buying a house? Could you please tell me who to see about buying a house? We have to decide when we will have the party. We have to decide when to have the party. They couldn't decide whether to move to Holland or not.

Noun clauselarda soru kelimelerinden sonra "can, will, could, would" yapılarının kısaltılmış hali olarak to infinitive kullanılır. Burada amaç soru sormak değildir. Soru kelimeleriyle kurulan cümlelerden isim-fiil yapmaktır. "Why" soru sözcüğünden sonra bare infinitive kullanılmalıdır.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

I didn't agree to work with him. You appear to be pale today. Is there something wrong? We arranged to meet in front of the cinema. I don't care to live alone. She chose to stay home while we went out. Don't hesitate to contact me if you need any help. She demanded in a firm voice to talk to me. He never seems to succeed. She sometimes tends to speak too much. Some of the students volunteered to bring some food for the picnic. He couldn't wait to see the manager.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

Bazı fiiller cümle içinde kullanılırken fiil ve to infinitive arasına bir nesne gelmesi gerekir.

He challenged me to swim to the other side of the river. Owning a car enables you to travel without difficulty. I advised him to stop smoking. Setting an aim motivates people to work harder. I reminded him to buy some bread on his way back home. My niece requested me to help her with her English assignment. Her job requires her to travel a lot. They expected me to be there by half past. This change in policy will prompt existing and new business owners to consider the health of their employees.

VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE

Contınous TO INFINITIVE

Margaret seemed to be going to a meeting from the way she was dressed. They happened to be leaving their house when I caught them. The victims are reported to be fleeing from their country. It is amazing to be living in İstanbul; there are so many historical buildings.

Continous Infinitive yapısı konuşma anında ya da bahsi geçen belirli bir anda devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatırken kullanılmaktadır. Continous To Infinitive : to be Ving

PASSIVE TO INFINITIVE

The food is ready to be eaten. There are projects to be finished. I expected everbody to be done with their work by the end of the week. The boy is waiting to be punished for breaking the window. She was disappointed not to be given the job.

Passive to infinitive yapısı öznenin başına gelen bir şeyi, maruz kaldığı bir olayı ya da bir eylemden etkilendiğini anlatırken kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde ana fiil etken, isim fiil ise edilgendir. Passive To Infinitive : to be V3

Perfect TO INFINITIVE

Perfect to infinitive ana fiil ile isim fiilin arasında zaman farkı olduğu durumlarda kullanılmaktadır. Bu yapının kullanılabilmesi için isim-fiilin ana fiilden daha önce gerçekleşmiş olması gerekir. Perfect to infinitive kullanılan her yerde to infinitive de kullanılabilir fakat seçeneklerde her ikisi de varsa past/perfect zamanlara ait bir zaman zarfı olduğunda perfect to infinitive tercih edilmelidir. Perfect To Infinitive : to have V3

I'm happy to have passed the exam. She is fortunate to have received a good education. I would prefer to have bought a house before the economic crisis. Mick was sorry to have missed Rick's birthday party. Mark seems to have lost his keys again.

Perfect contınous TO INFINITIVE

The boy is believed to have been going to another school. They appear to have been waiting for us for a long time. The company is claimed to have been dumping toxic waste in the river for years. The mayor appears to have been using the tax money all along.

Perfect continous to infinitive ana fiil ve isim-fiil arasında zaman farkı olduğu durumlarda ve isim-fiil olan eylemin bir süredir gerçekleşmekte olduğu durumlarda kullanılır. Perfect Continous To Infinitive : to have been Ving

Perfect PASSIVE TO INFINITIVE

He seems to have been given a pay rise last month. She is lucky to have been sent abroad. The painting is believed to have been stolen by a smuggler. The employees of Capsule Corp are claimed to have been infected with a horrible virus. Cod fish in the Atlantic Ocean was found to have been fished to extinction by Portuguese fishermen.

Perfect passive to infinitive ana fiil ve isim-fiil arasında zaman farkı olduğu durumlarda ve öznenin başına gelen bir şeyi, maruz kaldığı bir olayı ya da bir eylemden etkilendiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde ana fiil etken, isim-fiil ise edilgendir. Perfect Passive To Infinitive : to have been V3

QUESTION 01

It is nice --- in the garden --- to the birds sing.

to have sat / to listen

sitting / listening

to be sitting / listening

QUESTION 02

We hope --- the project by the end of the year; otherwise, we will have to pay a fine.

to have finished

having finished

to have been finished

QUESTION 03

Thirty nine of the people dwelling in the area were fortunate enough --- from the hurricane.

rescuing

to have been rescued

to be rescued

FORGET + TO INFINITIVE :Yapılması gereken bir şeyi görevi unutmak

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE or GERUND WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

I forgot to pay my rent last month.

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem de to infinitive alabilir fakat bu anlamlarında değişikliğe yol açar.

vs

FORGET + GERUND :Geçmişteki bir olayı unutmak

He forgot going to Spain as a child.

REMEMBER + TO INFINITIVE :Yapılması gereken bir şeyi / görevi hatırlamak

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE or GERUND WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

Please remember to buy milk when you are at the shop.

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem de to infinitive alabilir fakat bu anlamlarında değişikliğe yol açar.

vs

REMEMBER + GERUND :Geçmişteki bir olayı hatırlamak

I remember giving Adam my telephone number but I can't remember when.

STOP + TO INFINITIVE :Bir şey yapmak için durmak

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE or GERUND WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

Allan stopped to see what he could eat for lunch.

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem de to infinitive alabilir fakat bu anlamlarında değişikliğe yol açar.

vs

STOP + GERUND :Bırakmak, bir eylemi yapmayı kesmek

Have you stopped having bad dreams?

TRY + TO INFINITIVE :Çabalamak, bir şeyi yapmaya çalışmak

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE or GERUND WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

He tried his best to finish his project on time.

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem de to infinitive alabilir fakat bu anlamlarında değişikliğe yol açar.

vs

TRY + GERUND :Denemek

Have you ever tried eating chocolate cream with peanut butter?

REGRET + TO INFINITIVE :Üzgün olmak (Tell, inform, say vb fiillerle kullanılır)

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE or GERUND WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

I regret to tell that you have missed the last bus to Ankara.

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem de to infinitive alabilir fakat bu anlamlarında değişikliğe yol açar.

vs

REGRET + GERUND :Pişman olmak

I wonder if Mark regrets buying his new car.

MEAN + TO INFINITIVE :Niyetinde olmak, demek istemek, kasdetmek

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE or GERUND WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

What he means to say is that he loves you.

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem de to infinitive alabilir fakat bu anlamlarında değişikliğe yol açar.

vs

MEAN + GERUND :Anlamına gelmek

If you stay home this weekend, it will mean feeding the cat and watering the flowers.

GO ON + TO INFINITIVE :Bir eylemi yapmayı bırakıp başka bir eylem yapmaya başlamak

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE or GERUND WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

After I graduated from university, I went on to get my Master's degree.

Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem de to infinitive alabilir fakat bu anlamlarında değişikliğe yol açar.

vs

GO ON + GERUND :Devam etmek

I can't go on doing this job; it's very boring.

QUESTION 01

Last night when James Peters stopped --- at the scene of a car accident on his way home he realized that his own wife, Susan, was involved in the accident.

helping

to have helped

to help

QUESTION 02

We regret --- you that the application you submitted to the International Student Center for Research Scholarship Program has been denied.

to inform

informing

having been informed

QUESTION 03

Hearing a friend means not only recognizing what he says; it also means --- in what he is undergoing.

to participate

to have participated

participating

CONGRATULATIONS!

Start over?

I overheard them speak about her promotion. I overheard them speaking about her promotion. Rick saw Jerry steal and eat one of Beth's freshly baked cookies. Rick saw Jerry stealing one of Beth's freshly baked cookies. I could smell the barbecue fire burn the wood while I finished cooking our dinner. I smelled something burning when I woke up from my nap. Yesterday, I took my son to the park. There, I sat on a park bench and watched my son play with other children. When I looked out of the window, I saw some children playing in the street. .

VERBS OF PERCEPTION

Duyu fiilleri kendilerinden sonra bare infinitive ya da gerund alır. Bu fiiller aşağıdaki gibidir : Catch Feel Find Hear Overhear See Smell Supervise Listen Watch Notice Observe

THE USE OF "MAKE, LET" AND "HELP" WITH INFINITIVES

Melissa made me watch her dog when she went on vacation.Our new football coach made us run around the field seven times. My boss let me leave the office early last Friday. That was the first time my father let me drive his car. Martin's extra classes helped him (to) pass Science. There is software available that helps you (to) spend less time on data capturing.

Make somebody do something = force somebody to do something : birini bir şey yapmaya zorlamak Let somebody do something = allow somebody to do something : birinin bir şey yapmasına izin vermek Help somebody (to) do domething : birinin bir şey yapmasına yardım etmek

03

PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

Partıcıples

Participles yan cümleciklerin kısaltılmasıdır. Yan cümlecikler ana cümleye bağımlı olan ve başında bağlaç bulunan cümleciklerdir. Beş çeşit Participle Clauses vardır : - Present Participle (Ving)- Past Participle (V3)- Perfect Participle (having V3)- Perfect Passive Participle (having been V3)- Perfect Continous Participle (having been Ving)

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

He spoke on his phone as he was walking down the road.He spoke on his phone, walking down the road. While we were watching the exhibit, we saw one of the sculptures fall over. Watching the exhibit, we saw one of the sculptures fall over. As Mary was walking home late one night she heard someone behind her. Walking home late one night, she heard someone behind her. He stood on the sidelines and cheered his son on. Standing on the sidelines, he cheered his son on. We listened to the radio and washed my father's car. Listening to the radio, we washed my father's car.

• Bir zarf cümleciğini sözcük öbeği biçiminde kısaltabiliriz. Present Participle kullanımında kısaltılacak cümle etken bir fiile sahip olmalıdır ve cümlelerde bariz bir zaman farkı bulunmamalıdır.
• Eylemler genellikle eş zamanlıdır veya art arda gerçekleşmiştir.
• Art arda gerçekleşen eylemlerden önce olanı kısaltmak için kullanılabilir. Her iki cümlenin öznesi de aynı olmalıdır.

• Present Participle : Ving

When she finished her report, she left the office.Finishing her report, she left the office.When Jerry wanted ice cream, he walked to the shop. Wanting ice cream, Jerry walked to the shop. As soon as I got home I saw my dog chasing the cat around the yard. Getting home, I saw my dog chasing the cat around the yard. After Bethany got her driver's licence, she bought a new car. After getting her driver's licence, she bought a new car. Before I signed the contract, I had my lawyer friend look at it. Before signing the contract, I had my lawyer friend look at it.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

• Present Participle, "when" ve "as soon as" bağlaçları yerine kullanılabilir.

• "After" ve "before" bağlaçları ile birlikte kullanılabilir.

Because I heard his speech, I knew exactly what he was planning to do. Hearing his speech, I knew exactly what he was planning to do. Since Matt got his new glasses, he has no problem reading the newspaper. Getting his new glasses, he has no problem reading the newspaper. Because I don't know her phone number, I can't call her. Not knowing her phone number, I can't call her. Although I ran as fast as I could, I didn't make it to school on time. Although running as fast as I could, I didn't make it to school on time.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

• Present Participle, "as, since, because" gibi bağlaçların bulunduğu sebep belirten cümleleri kısaltmak için kullanılır.

• "Even though, though, although" bağlaçlarının bulunduğu zıtlık belirten cümleleri kısaltmak için kullanılır. Ancak bu durumda bağlaç cümleden atılamaz.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

He hasn't been able to use the Internet or send emails ever since he broke his computer. He hasn't been able to use the Internet or send emails ever since breaking his computer. Since I got my new cell phone, I haven't watched any television series. Since getting my new cell phone, I haven't watched any television series. Since I came to this city, I have lived in the same house. Since coming to this city, I have lived in the same house.

• Present Participle, "since" ve "ever since" ile birlikte kullanılırken de bu bağlaçlar cümleden atılmaz.

QUESTION 01

After ............... the manuscript of her last novel Between the Acts, Virginia Woolf underwent a severe depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced.

completed

to complete

completing

QUESTION 02

...................... a text or passage, you should certainly preserve the fundemental meaning of the material being paraphrased.

To be paraphrased

Paraphrasing

To paraphrase

QUESTION 3

.................. from the approach of a society to the libraries and research in general, we can speak about the level of development of this society.

Having judged

Judging

To judge

Past PARTICIPLE

They walked to the shop and they were seen by everbody. They walked to the shop, seen by everybody. I was excited, so I opened the package before my wife got home. Excited, I opened the package before my wife got home. The children were scared of their new teacher and didn't speak at all during the lesson. Scared of their new teacher, the children didn't speak at all during the lesson. My tongue was burnt by the hot coffee and couldn't taste anything properly. Burnt by the hot coffee, my tongue couldn't taste anything properly.

• Past Participle yapısı ile kısaltılacak cümle edilgen bir fiile sahip olmalıdır. Eylemler genellikle eş zamanlıdır veya art arda gerçekleşmiştir. Her iki fiilin de öznesi aynıdır.
• Art arda gerçekleşen eylemlerden önce olanı kısaltmak için kullanılır.
• Past Participle : V3

When I was believed to be guilty, I had to prove my innocence. Believed to be guilty, I had to prove my innocence. The thief hid in the shadows while he was pursued by the police. The thief hid in the shadows, pursued by the police. Although/though it was constructed many years ago, the building is still in good condition. Although/though constructed many years ago, the building is still in good condition. Because I was invited by the Queen herself, I bought a new suit for the party. Invited by the Queen herself, I bought a new suit for the party.

Past PARTICIPLE

• Past Participle, "when" veya "while" ile kurulan cümleleri kısaltmak için kullanılabilir.
• Sebep belirten cümleleri kısaltmak için kullanılabilir.
• Although, though ve even though bağlaçlarının bulunduğu cümleleri kısaltmak için kullanılabilir. Bu durumda bağlaç cümleden atılmaz.
• Bu kullanımlarda temel şart cümlelerin yükleminin edilgen olmasıdır.

Past PARTICIPLE

If it is practiced regularly, karate can be a very useful form of self-defence. If practiced regularly, karate can be a very useful form of self-defence. If they were collected together, his poems would fill a volume. If collected together, his poems would fill a volume. Unless this case is explained properly, it will continue to confuse people. Unless explained properly, this case will continue to confuse people.

• Past Participle, koşul bağlaçları bulunan cümleleri de kısaltmak için kullanılabilir. If, unless vb bağlaçlar kısaltma yapılırken cümleden atılmayabilir.

QUESTION 01

Although ............... by the lack of success of her first collection of short stories, Katherine Mansfield presented a lightweight story to avant-garde journal called Rhythm.

to be discouraged

discouraging

discouraged

QUESTION 02

Recent research findings confirms that health-care workers should undergo a month of preventive drug treatment if ............... to HIV on the job.

having exposed

exposed

exposing

QUESTION 3

............... to the aquarium from the deep ocean, the fish felt isolated and died within days.

To be brought

Brought

Bringing

He had finished his homework then he went out.Having finished his homework, he went out. Mr. Smith had mended his car and then he took it out for a test drive. Having mended his car, he took it out for a test drive. When Maya has finished cleaning the house, she will go out to get some fresh air with her friends. Having finished cleaning the house, Maya will go out to get some fresh air with her friends. After we had eaten our dinner, we sat down to watch a movie together. Having eaten our dinner, we sat down to watch a movie together. Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking. Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking.

perfect partıcıple

• Perfect Participle yapısı genellikle perfect tenseleri kısaltmak için kullanılır.
• Perfect olmadığı halde önce gerçekleşen eylemi vurgulamak amacıyla simple tenseleri kısaltmak için kullanılır.
• Perfect Participle kullanımında kısaltılacak cümle etken bir fiile sahip olmalıdır.
• Her iki fiilin de öznesi aynıdır.
• Perfect Participle : having +V3

After had been promoted, he became more interested in his job.Having been promoted, he became more interested in his job. When he had been given a sentence for his crimes, he laughed at the judge. Having been given a sentence for his crimes, he laughed at the judge. Because he had been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned. Having been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned. We understood everything the professor said because we had been given comprehensive notes on the subject. We understood everything the professor said, having been given comprehensive notes on the subject. They were given a day off and they spent it at the beach. Having been given a day off, hey spent it at the beach.

perfect passıve partıcıple

• Perfect Participle yapısı genellikle perfect tenseleri kısaltmak için kullanılır.
• Perfect olmadığı halde önce gerçekleşen eylemi vurgulamak amacıyla simple tenseleri kısaltmak için kullanılır.
• Perfect Participle kullanımında kısaltılacak cümle edilgen bir fiile sahip olmalıdır.
• Her iki fiilin de öznesi aynıdır.
• Perfect Participle : having been +V3

........... for over an hour, the lifeboat men finally spotted the small rubber boat ......... up and down in the rough sea.

Searching / having bobbed

Having searched / bobbing

To have searched / bobbed

......... by the doctor, my father was prescribed some tablets and told to eat foods containing little or no fat.

Having been examined

Examining

Having examined

......... by the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations, Syria has some striking architecture which ........ the Influence of all the three.

Occupying / has reflected

Having occupied / is reflecting

Having been occupied/reflects

Yeah!

Keep up the good work!