FCE topics: 7 fashion

contents

in fashion

Reading and Use of English (Part 3)

Language development: Permission and necessity

Writing: Following Fashion Essay (part 1)

Speaking – Clothes and Fashion

Listening: (Part 3)

Language development: Speculation and deduction

Use of English: key word transformation

Use of English: multiple choice cloze

Language development: Prepositional phrases

fashion

Reading and Use of English: Part 3

FCE Use of English Part 2 “Open cloze” consists of a short text with eight gaps. Unlike Part 1, there are no choices for what word you need. You must use your knowledge to fill the gap with the correct word.

The focus is either on grammar or lexicogrammar.

lexicogrammar: phrasal verbs, linkers, fixed expressions, collocations

grammar : articles, determiners, prepositions, auxiliaries, pronouns, conjunctions

You should always try to complete FCE Use of English Part 2 in a systematic way. Don’t forget these essential points as you answer the task:

1. The answer will always be a single word.
2. Contractions (e.g. don’t, we’ve, won’t) count as two words. However, can’t is a contraction of cannot, which is one word.
3. Sometimes, there is more than one correct answer. Cambridge will always account for this and all options will be accepted. However, you should not write more than one answer.
4. Correct spelling is essential for all of the FCE Use of English paper.
5. Read the text before and after each gap before answering.

You should always try to complete FCE Use of English Part 2 in a systematic way. Don’t forget these essential points as you answer the task:

6) If the answer is a verb, check that you are using the correct form and that it agrees with its subject. 7) The same word is unlikely to be used to fill two different gaps within one text. 8) Always read the text quickly before you start to get a general idea. This should not take more than 1 minute. 9) Don’t spend lots of time on a word you don’t know. Losing time on this activity might cost you points later in the exam because you won’t have enough time to do other tasks well. 10)Check your answers, your spelling and don’t copy the example onto the answer sheet!

For questions 13 – 24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap

Throughout history people have worn clothing of one description or another. Apart (13)___ protection against the weather, clothes were also often used to show the wearer’s status and wealth. Over the years, numerous fashions in clothing have come and gone. (14) ___some of these have been popular for relatively short periods, others have lasted longer. Until the first half of the 20th century, the ability to follow fashion was limited to those (15)___ had the money to (16)___ so. But following fashion did not only demand money, it also required large amounts of leisure time. Wealthy people took fashion very seriously and close attention had to (17)___ paid to detail. Wearing the correct clothes for different occasions was very important, despite the (18)___ that this often meant changing clothes five or six (19) ___a day. More recently, fashionable clothes have come within the reach of ordinary people. The traditional craft of dressmaking, (20) ___usually involved sewing (21)___ hand, was both costly and slow. But today, large-scale manufacturing has made it easier for people to keep (22)____ with changes in fashion (23)____ having to spend a great (24)___ of money.

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Language development: Permission and necessity

Permission and necessity: present

Look at these comments made in a restaurant. Which ones are more likely to be made by a waiter (W) and which ones by a customer (C)? 1 Children under l2 are allowed to use the play area. 2 You don't have to give them a tip. 3 l'm afraid you cannot sit there - it's reserved. 4 You are not allowed to bring your own food into the restaurant area. 5 Excuse me Sir, children under l2 mustn't use the play area. 6 Steve, you are not supposed to use your mobile phone here. Turn it off. 7 l'm sorry, but you have to wear a tie to eat here. 8 I must try one of the desserts, they look delicious. 9 You can choose any table on this side, Madam. 10 I think we are supposed to leave a tip.

b Write the words and phrases in the correct place in the table.

Giving permission (1) (2)

Expressing prohibition (3) (4) (5) (6)

Expressing obligation (7) (the speaker feels it's necessary) (8) (the rules or situation make it necessary) (9) (the rules or situation make it necessary)

Expressing lack of necessity (10)

Permission and necessity:past

Read the extract from an email about a new restaurant and answer the questions. I Was it necessary to wear a suit? 2 What was the worst thing about the restaurant?

We went to that new restaurant yesterday. lt's very big, so we didn’t have to book a table. John wore a suit because he thought it would be very formal, but in fact, it wasn't, so he needn't have dressed so smartly. Of course, the children couldn't play in the restaurant but they were allowed to use the play area outside. The meal was very expensive though - we had to pay by credit card because we didn't have enough money with us. And worst of all, I wasn't allowed to use my phone to call a taxi I had to go outside!

b Write the words and phrases in the correct place in the table.

It was permitted. (1)

It was prohibited (2) (3)

It was necessary (4)

It wasn't necessary. (5)

It was done but it wasn't necessary. (6)

Advice and recommendations

Correct the mistakes in the sentences. 1 You ought complain about that soup - it's cold. 2 You shouldn't having a dessert if you are full up. 3 lf you don't llke pasta you'd better to have a pizza. 4 You must have try that new restaurant in Castle Street

Advice and recommendations

• can
• had better
• have to
• must

Dear Melanie, Thanks for agreeing to look after our house while we're away. Just a few things to remember: Be careful with the front door lock. (1) lt's necessary to pull the handle up before turning the key. But (2) it’s very important not to force the key or it'll break! Please feed the cat twice a day. you (3) are allowed to give him anything from the bottom shelf (4) lt's not necessary for you to pay us Lo use the phone and you (5) are permitted to use the computer. (6) We strongly recommend you try the local restaurant. (7) lt's a good idea to book though. Have fun, Louise

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Writing: Following Fashion Essay (part 1)

For this essay, you are asked the following question about fashion: Many people like to follow different styles in fashions. Is it a good or bad thing to keep up with these trends? Notes 1. slaves to fashion 2. too expensive and not practical 3. pressure from department stores

1. title

2.introduction

3. ideas ( 2/3 paragraphs)

4. conclusion

Following Fashion When it comes to fashion, most of us (1)____________ we can simply make up our own minds with what we wear each day. So, not many of us would (2)_____________ to being slaves to fashion. However, we are not just (3)____________ of the expensive fashion houses, which very few of us can afford. We are talking of fashions and trends in everyday clothes. It is the regular ones that we always wear, the ones we (4)____________ comfortable wearing because they (5)__________ cheap and practical. But, isn't this the same as everyone else is wearing? Doesn't that mean that we like to be fashionable? Of course, the large department stores to some extent, (6)___________ us what we wear. They keep our interest with their seasonal collections or a regular sale. They always (7)________________ a choice, but they are careful to choose the clothing, which (8) __________________ trending at that time. However, we must (9)_____________ that this extends far beyond the clothes we wear, it includes accessories, makeup and, hairstyles. So, it is easy for us to say, that we do not (10)_________ fashion, but don't we all like to be followers of a group?

is

offer

follow

understand

tell

are

believe

feel

talking

admit

Some people say the fashion industry has a bad effect on people’s lives. Do you agree? Write an essay using all the notes and giving reasons for your point of view. Notes Write about: 1. whether people’s appearance is important 2. the price of clothes 3. …………………… (your own idea)

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Speaking – Clothes and Fashion

Clothes and Fashion

1) How would you describe the differences in how the people are dressed (e.g. scruffy, fashionable)? 2) When do people wear these things? flip-flops pyjamas trouser suit fur coat high heels jumper open neck shirt parka sandals shorts slippers tracksuit trainers vesttop

Clothes and Fashion

In which situations would you: 1 dress down? 2 dress up? 3 get changed? 4 try something on? 5 tuck something in? 6 hang something up? 7 get a bigger size? 8 get something taken in?

Clothes and Fashion

to be on trend casual clothes classic style designer label dressed to kill to dress for the occasion fashion house fashion icon to get dressed up

fashion show to go out of fashion hand-me-downs to have an eye for (fashion) to have a sense of style the height of fashion to keep up with the latest fashion to mix and match

must-have off the peg on the catwalk a slave to fashion to suit someone to take pride in one’s appearance timeless vintage clothes

Clothes and Fashion

Clothes and Fashion

link 2

link 1

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Listening: (Part 3)

You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about the clothes they like to wear. For questions'l-5 choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker says. Use the letters only once. There are three extra Ietters which you do not need to use.

A I can't afford new clothes. B I buy good qualrty c othes. C I don't care what I wear. D I choose clothes that are easy to look after E I wear fashionable clothes. F lt's important that my clothes are clean. G I dress to look smart H My priority is to be comfortable.

speaker 1

speaker 2

speaker 3

speaker 4

speaker 5

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Language development: Speculation and deduction

Deducing and speculating about the present

Combine modals of deduction and speculation must, might, could, may and then an infinitive verb to deduce and speculate about an action that happens in the present. modal (present) + infinitive Below is a sample scenario using modals of deduction and speculation in present. Know the proper modal to use depending on how true you think that an action occurs. You are waiting for Amanda with another friend, Danny. You ask Danny this question: Where is Amanda? Danny speculates: She must be on her way here. (fairly sure this is a good guess) She might arrive soon. (maybe) She could be lost. (maybe) She may be in the wrong place. (maybe) She can’t be at home. (fairly sure this isn’t true) Note that in this case, the opposite of ‘must’ is ‘can’t’.

Deducing and speculating about the present

Combine modals of deduction and speculation must, might, could, may and then an infinitive verb to deduce and speculate about an action that happens in the present. modal (present) + infinitive Below is a sample scenario using modals of deduction and speculation in present. Know the proper modal to use depending on how true you think that an action occurs.

Deducing and speculating about the present

You are waiting for Amanda with another friend, Danny. You ask Danny this question: Where is Amanda? Danny speculates: She must be on her way here. (fairly sure this is a good guess) She might arrive soon. (maybe) She could be lost. (maybe) She may be in the wrong place. (maybe) She can’t be at home. (fairly sure this isn’t true) Note that in this case, the opposite of ‘must’ is ‘can’t’.

Deducing and speculating about the present

Will / won’t We use will and won’t when we are very sure. He will be at school now. Should / shouldn’t We use should and shouldn’t to make an assumption about what is probably true, if everything is as we expect. They should get there by now. It shouldn’t take long to drive here. This use of should isn’t usually used for negative events. Instead, it’s a better idea to use will. Correct: The temperature will be too high today. Incorrect: The temperature should be too high today.

Deducing and speculating about the present

Can We use can for something that is generally possible, something we know sometimes happens. The cost of living can be very high in big cities. We do not use can to talk about specific possibilities. Correct: Mom could be at the supermarket. Incorrect: Mom can be at the supermarket.

Deducing and speculating about the past

Put together modals of deduction and speculation must, might, could, may, can’t and have and then a past participle verb to deduce and speculate about an action that occurred in the past. modal (past) + have + past participle It must have rained last night. She might / might not have registered for the seminar. They could have finished the training if not for the technical issues. You may / may not have done the dishes this morning. I can’t have wished ill of another person.

Deducing and speculating about the past

This is a sample scenario using modals of deduction and speculation in the past. Know the proper modal to use. Roy asked: Where was Sandra last night? Maria speculated: Sandra must have forgotten about our appointment. She might have worked late. Sandra could have lost track of time. She may have gotten sick. She can’t have stayed at home.

Deducing and speculating about the past

Could We can use could + infinitive to talk about a general possibility in the past. Labor could be low in the sixteenth century. This is not used to talk about specific possibilities in the past. Instead, we use could + have + past participle. He could have been working late. (not: ‘could be’. As this is a specific possibility, ‘could be’ is present tense)

Deducing and speculating about the past

Will We use will for something in the past that we are very certain happened. The parcel will have arrived before now. Should / Shouldn’t We use should and shouldn’t have to make an assumption about something that has probably happened, if everything is as we expect. The plane should have left by now. We shouldn’t have gone in that direction.

Modals of Deduction and Speculation Exercise Answer this exercise on modals of deduction and speculation.

1. Their shop is easy to locate. It’s right around the corner. She _____ miss it! a. might b. can’t c. must 2. Chris’s things are still here so he _____ gone home. a. shouldn’t have b. might have c. can’t have 3. What a great show! They _____ go on a world tour. a. can’t b. might c. must

4. She can’t remember the suspect’s face. But she _____ seen a distinguishing feature. a. couldn’t have b. must have c. may have 5. It _____ be sugar-free. It has ice cream in it. a. can’t b. may not c. must 6. Clara and Laura weren’t replying to my chat messages. Maybe they went to the movies or they _____ gone to a spa. a. might have b. couldn’t have c. must have

7. Anthony is very stressed out lately. I am not sure but he _____ gone on vacation. a. can’t have b. might have c. must have 8. Your sisters tell different versions of what happened. One of them _____ be lying. a. must b. may c. could 9. I _____ known about this faulty wiring. I would have noticed it. a. couldn’t have b. must have c. might have 10. Look at this piece of art. Maybe it’s Monet or it _____ be Van Gogh. a. would b. could c. couldn’t

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Use of English: key word transformation

For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

1 l'm sure Tom's tired because he's yawning a Lot. MUST Tom_______________ because he's yawning a Lot. 2 I'm hungry because the last time I ate was live hours ago. FOR l'm hungry because I _________ five hours 3 He's so relaxed I’m sure he's,1ust got back from holiday. BEEN He's so relaxed - he __________ holiday.

4 l'm not fit enough to go rn for a marathon. TOO l'm____________go in for a marathon. 5 It was possible that he was having a shower, which is why he couldn't hear the bell. MAY He ________shower, which is why he couldn’t t hear the bell. 6 l'm sure she hasn't left because her coat's still here. HAVE She __________ because her coat's still here.

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Use of English: multiple choice cloze

For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning )

Hairstyles Hairstyles tend to (0) C statements about what people are like They are sometimes used to give the (1)__ that we are different from others Alternatively, we can choose a particular hairstyle in the (2)__ that people will think we are fashionable. ln the UK in the early 1960s, the Beatles‘ hairstyle was copied by boys who, on the whole wanted and (3)__ to shock their parents. Later, middle-class 'hippies' let their harr grow long to (4)__ their commitment to an alternative lifestyle ln the 1970s,'sklnheads' shaved their heads and (5) __ to represent the working class; for those who felt themselves part of a multicultural society, dreadlocks were (6)__ fashion. Recently, fashion icons such as the footballer David Beckham have (7)__ a huge influence on men's hairstyles. ln fact, one consequence of the Beckham phenomenon is that young men now spend as much time and money (8) _ their appearance as young women do.

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Language development: Prepositional phrases

Prepositions and their complements

Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and the words which follow it (a complement). The complement (underlined below) is most commonly a noun phrase or pronoun, but it can also be, an adverb phrase (usually one of place or time), a verb in the -ing form or, less commonly, a prepositional phrase or a wh-clause:

They first met at a party. (preposition + noun phrase) She was taken ill during the film. (preposition + noun phrase) Would you like to come with me please? (preposition + pronoun) From there, it’ll take you about half an hour to our house. (preposition + adverb) Until quite recently, no one knew about his paintings. (preposition + adverb phrase)

Prepositions and their complements

She’s decided on doing a Chinese language course. (preposition + -ing clause) Not: … decided on to do … It’s a machine for making ice-cream. (preposition + -ing clause) If you can wait until after my meeting with Jack, we can talk then. (preposition + prepositional phrase) We were really surprised at what they wrote. (preposition + wh-clause)

Prepositions and their complements

We can put an adverb before a preposition to modify it. This applies mainly to prepositions of time or place which are gradable (above, before, far, deep, down, opposite): They’ve moved far into the country. They left the party just before us. You can’t miss it. His office is almost opposite the coffee machine

Prepositional phrases after verbs

Prepositional phrases can be complements of verbs. If we need a special preposition to introduce the complement of the verb, we call such verbs ‘prepositional verbs’: Do these keys belong to you? We’re not happy but we do approve of their decision. We sometimes use an adverb particle before the preposition. The verb + adverb particle + preposition structure forms a verb which has a single meaning. We call such verbs ‘phrasal prepositional verbs’. Their meaning is often not related to the meaning of the original verb: She really looks up to her grandfather. (admires) We’re all looking forward to having a few days’ holiday together. (anticipate with pleasure)

Choose the correct answers.

Before I was sent to Milan to write an article about Fashion Week, I hadn't realized that it was a place where you are expected to look good (1) at all times / at the moment. So, when I arrived in scruffy jeans and with my hair all over the place, people stared at me as if they were (2) in danger of / in favor of contracting some dreadful disease. Things went (3) from time to time / from bad to worse. When I got to my hotel, (4) at least / at first the receptionist assumed I had walked in (5) by mistake / by the way and (6) to my surprise / to my advantage, asked the porter to give me directions. When she realized I was a guest, she apologized but (7) by that time / by heart I was (8) in a very loud voice / in an extremely bad mood. However, I had learnt my lesson. (9) From time to time / From then on, every morning (10) without fail / without notice I would spend hours in front of the mirror making sure I looked good before I went out.

c Cross out the word in each group that cannot be used with the preposition in bold. 1 on: sight / purpose / the beginning 2 for: fun / conclusion / a change /no long 3 in: uniform / the end / luck / time to time / conclusion / fashion 4 out of: date / fashion / sight / purpose /breath Replace the words in italics in the sentences with a prepositional phrase 1 Fallen didn't turn up, so finally I decided to go in by myself 2 My clothes were no longer a popular style. 3 The doorman sard my pass was no longer valid. 4 l'm sorry, I didn't do it deliberately. 5 Please be honest with me in contrast with your usual behavior. 6 You're fortunate today l've found your wallet.

Hairstyles tend to make / do statements about what people are like. Young men now buy / spend as much time and money on their appearance as young women do.

b Complete the phrases with make or do.

7. a difference 8. a job 9. an excuse 10. something for living 11. a profit 13. a good impression

1. your hair
2. friends
3. a suggestion
4. a course
5. the washing up
6. a phone call

d Choose the correct answers. 1 That fashion company's profits didn't raise / rise at all last year. 2 lt all started when Johnson became / grew the director 3 it soon emerged that he earned / won 52a million a year. 4 The r reputation was badly damaged / injured by the scandal 5 He was forced to retire / resign and look for another post. 6 But the company's wounds have still not cured / healed.