Learning Theories, part 2

Sociocultural Learning Theory

Major Theorists: Bandura, Vygotsky

Major Characteristics

Role of Memory

• Modeling
• Zone of Proximal Development, or

"the gap between what a person can do with help and what they can do on their own" (Cherry, para. 33, 2020).

• Learning from enviornment, attitudes and culture.
• Observation
• Scaffolding
• Interactions

Repeating patterns play in to sociocultural learning. Short-term memory is required for imitation. Learning is chunked into smaller parts to accommodate for short-term memory and processing new knowledge.

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Type of Learing Best Explained

How Learning occurs

Learning occurs through interactions with others, or by watching or listening to live or fictional characters (Cherry, 2020).

Learning is adaptive to environment and culture. It is "inherantly a social process" that takes place through observation and scaffolding (Cherry, 2020, para. 32).

"By observing the actions of others, including parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire new information" (Cherry, 2020, para. 29).

Learning is also achieved through scaffolding, or "[breaking up learning into chunks and providing a tool, or structure, with each chunk" (Alber, 2011, para. 2).

Connectivism Learning Theory

Major Theorists: Siemens, Rocha, and Downes

Major Characteristics

Role of Memory

• Developed for current and future faced-paced learning environments
• Created in response to the vast product knowledge that continues to derive from the digital age.

• Learning using digital technologies

• New, or up to date knowledge is valued

over existing knowledge. (Goldie, J. G. S., 2016)

Knowledge may be stored in non-human devices. In human memory knowledge exists in a framework and relies on adaptive patterns. (Siemens, 2005).

How Learning occurs

Type of Learing Best Explained

• With self-organization through the process of decision making
• With current and relevant data
• From a diverse view points and data points
• From other people's experiences

• Complex
• Ever-changing
• Network
• Self-organized

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Adult Learning Theory

Major Theorists: Knowles

Major Characteristics

Role of Memory

Focus is not on memorization. An example of an andragogy best practice: "Instruction should be task-oriented instead of promoting memorization" (Pappas, 2013, para. 4).

• Self-motivated learning
• Content is relevant to learner
• Student led and student-directed
• Problem centered, not content directed.
• Differs from Pedagogy
• Honors diverse backgrounds

Since learning builds upon foundation of prior knowledge, there is an assumption that student will pull from stored past knowledge.

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How Learning occurs

Type of Learing Best Explained

• Learning occurs by harnessing new knowledge to prior knowledge
• Expereince is the basis for learning

• Through experiences and mistakes
• Task oriented
• Discovery
• Relevant
• Taps into prior knowledge
• Designed and evaluated with the adult learner

"As a person matures his/her time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application. As a result his/her orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject- centeredness to one of problem centeredness" (Pappas, 2013, para. 3).

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References Cherry, K. (2020). Child Development theories and examples. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068 Cherry, K. (2019). Sociocultural theory of cognitive development. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory-2795074 Goldie, J. G. S. (2016) Connectivism: a knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical Teacher. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2016.1173661 Pappas, C. (2013). The adult learning theory - Andragogy - of Malcom Knowles. eLearning industry. Retrieved from: https://elearningindustry.com/the-adult-learning-theory-andragogy-of-malcolm-knowles Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1). Retrieved from: https://lidtfoundations.pressbooks.com/chapter/connectivism-a-learning-theory-for-the-digital-age/ Note: See assignment cover sheet with proper citation formatting and working links.