BIOLOGY VIBRANT TIMELINE

Mitosis

Is a cellular process that replicates chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division. Generally, mitosis is immediately followed by the equal division of the cell nuclei and other cell contents into two daughter cells.

01.Interphase

02.Prophase

-The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this results in two identical full sets of chromosomes-Outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles, these structures are critical for the process of cell division. -During interphase, microtubules extend from these centrosomes.

The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope. Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids, containing identical genetic information. The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of chromosome 1 are together, both copies of chromosome 2 are together, and so on. At the end of prophase the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes.

03.Metaphase

-The chromosomes line up neatly end to end along the centre of the cell. -The centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from them. -The mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister chromatids

04.Anaphase

The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole

05.Telophase

-At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together. -A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei. - The single cell then pinches in the middle to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of chromosomes within a nucleus. This process is known as cytokinesis.

Conclusion Mitosis is the process of nuclear division, which occurs just prior to cell division, or cytokinesis. During this multistep process, cell chromosomes condense and the spindle assembles. The duplicated chromosomes then attach to the spindle, align at the cell equator, and move apart as the spindle microtubules retreat toward opposite poles of the cell. Each set of chromosomes is then surrounded by a nuclear membrane, and the parent cell splits into two complete daughter cells.

Metaphase

Is the third phase of mitosis, the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war." The chromosomes, which have been replicated and remain joined at a central point called the centromere, are called sister chromatids. Prior to metaphase, protein formations called kinetochores formed around the centromere. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extended from poles on either end of the cell and attached to the kinetochores. During metaphase, the kinetochore microtubules pull the sister chromatids back and forth until they align along the equator of the cell, called the equatorial plane. There is an important checkpoint in the middle of mitosis, called the metaphase checkpoint, during which the cell ensures that it is ready to divide. Once the cell has established that all of the chromosomes are properly aligned and that the kinetochores are correctly attached, the cell enters the fourth phase of mitosis, known as anaphase.