PRESENTATION - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THEORY

human development theory

human development theory

Laura Marcela Jaimes Angel Economic development 2021

THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

It refers to the search for the improvement of the economic level for the entire population whose responsibility falls on the government of each city. Said human development requires measurable indicators to evaluate the equitable distribution of resources; Among the most prominent indicators, the human development index stands out, raised by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

ASPECTS AFFECTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

ASPECTS AFFECTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis, VIH SIDA are on the rise
• Mortality and morbidity from parasites and intestinal infection, food poisoning
• Low sewage and drinking water coverage.

• Education - illiteracy (more in rural areas)
• Forced displacement
• Perinatal mortality from live births (between 22 weeks and first 7 days)
• Infant mortality (under one year of age): per 1,000 live births
• Death and illness from causes that are preventable or can be treated so that there are no further complications.

ASPECTS AFFECTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

ASPECTS AFFECTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

INDICATORS

• High cost of living
• Smuggling of agricultural products and textiles
• Import of cereals such as wheat and barley
• Crop decline and substitution. Poverty line
• Misery condition Unsatisfied basic needs, Growth per capita

• GDP
• Unemployment
• Fiscal adjustment
• Corruption
• Armed conflict and illicit crops
• Absence of industrial development
• Geographical situation of marginalization
• Low social investment

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In the eighties, it has its roots in the concern aroused by criticism of the economic approach to development studies and in the search to integrate the social aspects of the population into the analysis.

Arises

Advance in the complexity of the analysis and rescue essential aspects such as equity, justice and freedom that had been excluded in said studies.

Wanted

It had as a background the work of the CEPAL theory in Latin America since the 1940s, which places the condition of underdevelopment and the foundations of growth for the different nations at the center of the analysis, laying the foundations of structuralist economic theory.

Critical approach

Birth of the theory

Birth of the theory

The Human Scale Development theory was born in the 1980s from the work of three Latin American intellectuals, of Chilean origin, who were in exiled Scandinavia:

1. Manfred-Max Neef, economist, environmentalist and politician.
2. Antonio Elizalde, sociologist.
3. Martín Hoppenhayn, philosopher who had a lesser degree of intervention.

Amartya Sen, leading economist

Artur Manfred Max Neef

Artur Manfred Max Neef

• He is a Chilean economist, environmentalist and politician, born in Valparaíso (October 26, 1932)

• He won the 1983 Right Livelihood Award, the Alternative Nobel Prize in Economics, "for revitalizing small and medium-sized communities, fostering self-confidence and reinforcing people's roots," lead author Human Scale Development.

• He was a member of the Advisory Council of the Governments of Canada and Sweden for Sustainable Development, and an independent candidate for the Presidency of the Republic of Chile in 1993, he was rector of the Austral University of Chile.

Antonio Elizalde

Antonio Elizalde

• He is a renowned Chilean thinker with a degree in sociology. Born April 23, 1975 - May 24, 1862.

• In addition to his work at the Academy, he has developed governmental tasks in his country and has been a consultant in various international entities.

• He especially stands out for his work in editorial activities and for being the author of texts such as Human Development and Ethics for Sustainability and, above all, Human Scale Development, alongside Manfred Max Neef; the latter is considered as the basis of what is known as the Alternative Development School.

Martín Hopenhayn

Martín Hopenhayn

• He is a Chilean philosopher, born in 1955.

• From 1983 to date he publishes articles and essay books, especially in Latin American countries, on topics related to cultural criticism and education; the impacts of globalization on culture, education and work; the modernity-postmodernity debate; changes in development paradigms in Latin America; and the sociocultural changes of Latin American youth.

• He is a researcher at the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, ECLAC, where he served as director in 2004 and 2005.

Reading analysis of the Latin American crisis.

Reading analysis of the Latin American crisis.

• Although this writing was written in the fall of 1984, its authors identify a latent crisis in Latin America.

• In trying to identify it with a name, the authors call it the Crisis of Utopia, with its most serious manifestation about the loss of our ability to dream. To analyze the crisis, a historical behavior of what has been done in 20th century Latin America is observed.

• This is characterized by periods of expansion that generate financial and monetary imbalances that lead to stabilizing responses that, in turn, end up generating high social costs, which induces new expansion impulses.

Aspects to highlight

Aspects to highlight

Politically by:

• The crisis is exacerbated by the ineffectiveness of political institutions in the face of elites.
• The growing internationalization of political decisions.
• The lack of control that citizens have over bureaucracies.

Economically for:

• The globalization of the economy.
• The rise of finance capital.
• The crisis of the Welfare State.
• The growing participation of the military complex in the countries.
• The multiple effects of successive waves of technology on production and consumption patterns.

In the social by:

• The lack of integration and communication between social movements.
• The growing social and political exclusion.
• The impoverishment of the great masses.

Principle of the theory

Principle of the theory

Development on a human scale refers to people and not to material objects. In this way, there is the "possibility of adequately satisfying fundamental human needs to improve their quality of life."

Principle of the theory

Principle of the theory

• With the repositioning of the person as a subject, this becomes the main actor in development.

• The economy ceases to be the fundamental element of development and becomes a resource at the service of the person.

POSTULATES

POSTULATES

1. The economy is to serve the people and not the people to serve the economy.
2. Development has to do with people and not with objects.
3. Growth is not the same as development, and development does not necessarily require growth.
4. No economy is possible apart from the services provided by ecosystems.
5. The economy is a subsystem of a larger and finite system that is the biosphere and therefore permanent growth is impossible.
6. No process or economic interest, under any circumstances, can be above reverence for life.

Human Scale Development (DEH)

Human Scale Development (DEH)

When is one development process better than another?

• Macroeconomic measurement. Development equals GDP growth

• DEH Postulate: Development refers to people not objects and is qualitatively measured through quality of life

Human Scale Development (DEH) requires a new way of interpreting reality, seeing and evaluating the world, people and processes differently

What does the quality of life depend on?

• The quality of life depends on the possibility of adequately satisfying the Fundamental Human Needs

The Human Scale Development model (DEH)

The Human Scale Development model (DEH)

• Development refers to:
• People
• Quality of life
• Its measure is Human Needs
• Identify well-being with being

Growth refers to:

• Things
• The shortcomings (What you don't have but you don't always need) •
• It is measured by accounting instruments
• Identify well-being with having

"We live in a moment in history when we have come to dismantle or destroy cultures with great efficiency, in order to establish economies. And that, as an economist, is the worst known example of the impoverishment of the human spirit; it is the perverse consecration that instead of the economy being at the service of the people, it is the people who are at the service of the economy ". (Max-Neef, Manfred. 1997)

Philosophy of DEH

Philosophy of DEH

In epistemological terms, the DEH commits the human being in general, within a philosophy and politics of humanistic development. In this way, the theory recognizes each individual as a being lacking by nature, but also with a definite potential to overcome said lack. On the other hand, human needs, self-reliance and organic articulations are the fundamental pillars that sustain Human Scale Development.

Human needs

Human needs

• They are finite and classifiable needs.

• They are the same for everyone regardless of historical or social difference.

• The satisfaction of these needs allows raising the quality of life of people.

Self dependence

Self dependence

• The person is given a real role in different spaces and settings.

• It helps to promote development processes with synergistic effects, assisting in the classification of needs.

Organic Joints

Organic Joints

• It is based on an eminently ecological development concept.

• It is also articulated with the design and use of technologies.

• It guarantees the sustainability of natural resources in parallel with human development.

Development refers to people not objects

Development refers to people not objects

• The best development process will be the one that allows raising the quality of life of people.

• The quality of life of people depends on the possibilities that they have to adequately satisfy their fundamental needs.

Needs and satisfiers

Needs and satisfiers

The distinction is made between the concept of needs and satisfiers:

• Needs: they are understood as a system in which they are interrelated and interact. These are disaggregated according to multiple criteria that are sometimes combined.

• Satisfiers: they are the instruments that contribute to the satisfaction of needs. These vary according to time, place and circumstances.

Needs

Needs

Needs can be met in three different ways, levels, or contexts:

1. in relation to oneself.
2. with the social group.
3. with the environment.

Needs

Needs

According to the axiological categories, the needs are:

• Subsistence
• Protection
• Affected
• Understanding
• Participation
• Leisure
• Creation
• Identity
• Liberty

According to existential categories (which do not change over time), the needs are:

• To be
• To have
• Make
• To be

Satisfiers of basic human needs

Satisfiers of basic human needs

They are not the economic goods available but they refer to everything that by representing ways of being, having, doing, being contribute to the fulfillment of human needs. It can include among other forms of organization, political structures, social practices, subjective conditions, values and norms, spaces, context, behaviors and attitudes; all in a permanent tension between consolidation and change.

Violators or Destroyers

Violators or Destroyers

• They are elements that applied with the pretext of satisfying a certain need not only annihilate the possibility of satisfaction in an immediate or intermediate term but also make it impossible to satisfy other needs (They are generally imposed).

• These elements seem to be preferentially linked to the need for PROTECTION, which make it impossible to satisfy SUBSISTENCE, SATISFACTION, PARTICIPATION, FREEDOM, CREATION.

Pseudo - satisfiers

Pseudo - satisfiers

• They are elements that stimulate a false sense of satisfaction of a certain need. Without the aggressiveness of the rapists or destroyers, they can sometimes annihilate, in a medium term, the possibility of satisfying the need to which they originally aimed.

• Their special attribute is that they are generally induced through propaganda, publicity, or other means of persuasion.

Inhibitory Satisfiers

Inhibitory Satisfiers

• They are those who, due to the way in which they satisfy (generally over-satisfy) a certain need, seriously hinder the possibility of satisfying other needs.

• Its attribute is that with few exceptions, they are ritualized, in the sense that they usually emanate from ingrained habits.

son aquellos que por el modo en que satisfacen (generalmente sobresatisfacen) una necesidad determinada, dificultan seriamente la posibilidad de satisfacer otras necesidades. Su atributo es que salvo excepciones, se hallan ritualizados, en el sentido de que suelen emanar de hábitos arraigados.

Singular Satisfiers

Singular Satisfiers

• They are those that aim at the satisfaction of a single need, being neutral with respect to the satisfaction of other needs. They are characteristic of development, cooperation and assistance plans and programs.

• Their main attribute is that of being institutionalized, since both in the organization of the State and in the civil organization, their generation is usually linked to institutions, be these Ministries, other public agencies or companies of various kinds.

Satisfactores Sinérgicos

Satisfactores Sinérgicos

• Además de satisfacer una necesidad determinada, estimulan y contribuyen a la satisfacción simultánea de otras necesidades.

• Su principal atributo es el de ser contrahegemónicos en el sentido de que revierten racionalidades dominantes tales como las de competencia y coacción.

Exogenous and endogenous satisfiers

Exogenous and endogenous satisfiers

• The satisfiers corresponding to the first four categories, because they are usually imposed, induced, ritualized or institutionalized, are to a high degree exogenous to civil society, understood as a community of free people capable, potentially or in fact, of designing their own life projects. in common.

• In this sense, they are satisfiers that have traditionally been driven from the top down. The last category, on the other hand, reveals the evolution of liberating processes that are the product of volitional acts that are promoted by the community from the bottom up.

• This is what makes them counter-hegemonic, even though in certain cases they can also be originated in processes promoted by the State.

It is important to highlight

It is important to highlight

"This approach does not admit, for example, that food, shelter and work are considered needs; they are, on the contrary, satisfying a basic need: subsistence. The same can be said of the needs to share, caress , make love: they are satisfiers of the need for affection. Thus, like education, research, study, they are satisfiers, of the need for understanding. It must be borne in mind that satisfiers can serve to simultaneously satisfy various needs and, the reverse "(Obredor, 2009).

Reinterpretation of the concept of Poverty

Reinterpretation of the concept of Poverty

There are many poverties "... any fundamental human need that is not adequately satisfied reveals human poverty ..." Each poverty generates pathologies, which: They transcend the individual sphere. They are COLLECTIVE They transcend the economy and condition society They are generated by the systematic blocking of needs THE TREATMENT MUST BE TRANSDISCIPLINARY Among the best known (Unemployment, External debt, Hyperinflation)

AMARTYA SEN

AMARTYA SEN

Nobel Prize in Economics

Born in India in 1933

Doctor Honoris Causa from 30 Universities

PhD in Economics from the University of Cambridge

It has revolutionized the conceptions of Development because it has placed the thesis of growth within the horizon of ethics, theories of freedom and economic policy.

Professor at the most prestigious universities in India, England and the USA

THOUGHT OF AMARTYA SEN

THOUGHT OF AMARTYA SEN

It laid the foundations of the theory of human development and proposed a different conception to measure and address development, this approach surpassed the economistic vision centered on having (money and merchandise), for a holistic vision centered on the being and doing of the human being (well-being and capabilities) in which the participation of institutions plays a determining role in development.

Amartya Sen points out that justice must be valued by the real freedoms that human beings enjoy to be able to choose their destiny based on their own personal values and in no way for the material goods or resources that they may have.

Any theory of justice that has as its postulate the search for equity must start from a direct and profound treatment of the real freedoms that people have to choose their own lifestyle and seek it consistently, even when their values are different. given the enormous possibilities that each individual, in modern societies, may have divergent objectives from the rest of the individuals that make up society, these objectives being valued all on equal terms without establishing hierarchies.

DEVELOPMENT GOAL

DEVELOPMENT GOAL

It is related to the linking of the real freedoms enjoyed by the people of a certain population ", where" people must be seen as actively involved agents, in the construction of their own destiny and not only as recipients ".

Freedom provides the opportunity to achieve our objectives and goals of the things that we have reasons to value and encompasses both the processes that allow freedom of decision-making and consequent actions, as well as the effective opportunities to do so, in their specific conditions. of existence.

Bibliographic references

Bibliographic references

• Max-Neef, M. A. (1989). DESARROLLO A ESCALA HUMANA. https://www.max-neef.cl/descargas/Max_Neef-Desarrollo_a_escala_humana.pdf.

• Gov, S. (2016, 6 abril). EL DESARROLLO A ESCALA HUMANA – NovaGob. https://red.novagob.org/el-desarrollo-a-escala-humana/.

• Max-Neef, M. A. E. (2010, 19 diciembre). Desarrollo a escala humana: una opción para el futuro -- II. Reflexiones para una nueva perspectiva. http://habitat.aq.upm.es/deh/adeh_5.html.

Thanks for the attention

Thanks for the attention