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In the philosophical treatise "Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated" (1641), Descartes was the first to set forth an integral metaphysical concept of dualism, dividing human nature into two components: bodily (physical) and spiritual (rational). The soul (mind, consciousness) affects the body, but unlike the body it does not exist in space.

René Descartes

(1596-1650)French philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist and physiologist

Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated

Slanevskaya about Descartes: Descartes finally separated the physical human body which occupies space, from the thinking substance (thinking), which occupies no physical space. He said that the soul, thanks to which "I am I", is completely different from the body and easier to recognize than the body. And if the body did not exist, then the soul did not cease to be what it is. Descartes proposed a way out by dividing body and soul. The soul is located in the epiphysis (the pineal gland) and cooperates with the body from there. This interaction or interactivity means that two different substances - soul and body - influence each other through the pineal gland.

René Descartes

(1596-1650)French philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist and physiologist

Slanevskaya, N.M. (2012). Brain, Mind and Society.

According to Descartes, the rational soul, an entity distinct from the body and making contact with the body at the pineal gland, might or might not become aware of the differential outflow of animal spirits brought about through the rearrangement of the interfibrillar spaces. When such awareness did occur, however, the result was conscious sensation -- body affecting mind. In turn, in voluntary action, the soul might itself initiate a differential outflow of animal spirits. Mind, in other words, could also affect body.

René Descartes

(1596-1650)French philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist and physiologist

Robert Н. Wozniak "Mind and Body: Réne Descartes to William James"