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Theory and activities - by Bertha Troté

passive

impersonal passive

CAUSATIVE passive

conditionals 0, 1, 2 & 3

Infinitive and Gerund

VERBS

Modal and Modal Perfect

Online Activities

defining and non difining relative clauses

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passive

THE TEACHER IS CORRECTING THE EXAMS

PRESENT CONTINUOUS!! ARE BEING CORRECTED

STEP 1: LOOK AT THE VERB --> IN WHAT TENSE IS IT? STEP 2: CONJUGATE THE VERB TO BE IN THE SAME TENSE STEP 3: LOOK AT THE VERB AGAIN AND CONVERT IT TO PARTICIPLE

THE EXAMS ARE BEING CORRECTED BY THE TEACHER

CONJUGAING THE VERB TO BE??? WHAAAAT??

passive structure

Look at this!

Remember the AGENT! "bye someone" at the end of the sentences. However, it is not necessary in every sentence.

passive structure

We make the negative passive with subject + negative of to be + past participle + by + object. Honey is not made by wasps. Titanic wasn’t directed by George Lucas. Bill's bicycle is not being repaired by Alex.Question Is honey made by bees? Was Titanic directed by James Cameron? Is Bill's bicycle being repaired by Alex?

impersonal passive

There are two ways of writting an Impersonal Passive

We usually do this by using reporting verbs (including say, think, believe, know,etc.) preceded by the dummy subject "it" , as in : It is said that, it is thought that, etc.

Click on the GIF to see more about the VERB CONVERTIONS in Passive 2

Active sentence → People say that children are afraid of ghosts. Passive sentence 1 → It is said that children are afraid of ghosts. Passive sentence 2 → Children are said to be afraid of ghosts.

CAUSATIVE passive

We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it.

Subject + Have + object + past participle (have something done)

I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it myself). I had my house cleaned.

The important thing is that the house is now clean. We don't focus on who did the cleaning.

causative passive

Get + object + past participle (get something done)

This has the same meaning as 'have', but is less formal. The students get their essays checked. I'll get my hair cut next week. He got his washing machine fixed.

conditionals 0, 1, 2 and 3

Conditional sentence type Usage If clause verb tense

Zero General truths If + Simple present, Simple present Type 1 A possible condition and its probable result If + Simple present, Future Simple (will) Type 2 A hypothetical condition and its probable result If + Simple past, Would Type 3 An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past If + Past perfect, Would Have + Participle

Zero conditional

Click for negative and interrogative examples!

“If you heat ice, it melts.” In this type of conditional sentence, you could use when instead of if. It’s always true that when you heat ice it melts. This is why this type of sentence is sometimes called a zero conditional.

First conditional

Click for negative and interrogative examples!

“If I am late, I will call you.” “If you need me, you can call me at home.” “If it gets any hotter, we may have a thunder storm.” In these sentences (or first conditional sentences), there is a strong possibility that the first part (coming after if) is going to happen. The second part says what will happen as a result.

Second conditional

Click for negative and interrogative examples!

would could might

“If I got a pay rise, I would buy a new car.” “If you left your job, you could travel around the world.” “If you were nicer to him, he might lend you the money.” In these sentences, the first part with if shows that the event is unlikely to happen. In English, we often use this type of sentence (called a second conditional) to talk about hypotheses, or imaginary future events.

Click for negative and interrogative examples!

Third conditional

“If I had revised, I would have passed my exams.”“If we had gone out earlier, we might have got to the cinema on time.”“If you had told me there was a problem, I could have helped.”In these sentences (called “third conditional sentences”), the first part of the sentence with if didn’t happen. So there is no possibility of the second part of the sentence happening. I didn’t revise, so I didn’t pass my exams and there is nothing I can do about it now. English speakers use this type of sentence to show how things could have been different.

Infinitive and Gerund Verbs

As Direct Objects with the verbs: avoid, consider, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, finish, miss, recommend, suggest: I miss going out with my friends After preposition: She is not really keen on swimming at the beach After: be used to, get used to, can't help, can't stand, don't mind, wouldn't mind, feel like, look forward to, see myself : I'm used to waking up early As a subject: Spending too much time with your phone is not healthy

+ GERUND

INFINITIVE

would, like, want, need, hope, expect, plan, decide, arrange, learn, afford, agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish

some adjectives + infinitive I woke up early to take the bus After Indirect Complement: advise, help, invite, persuade, teach, tell, warn My English teacher is teaching me how to make passive sentences LET AND MAKE: go before the verb in initive She lets me drink as much coke as I want

+ TO VERB (INFINITIVE)

Defining and non defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.Relative pronouns used: who, that, which, whose and whom Here are some cells which have been affected.They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment most.[talking about an actress] She’s now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War.

that instead of who, whom or which. This is very common in informal speaking

Relative pronouns

Non defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses give us extra information about someone or something. It isn't essential for understanding who or what we are talking about.

• My grandfather, who's 87, goes swimming every day.
• The house, which was built in 1883, has just been opened to the public.
• The award was given to Sara, whose short story impressed the judges.

We always use a relative pronoun or adverb to start a non-defining relative clause: who, which, whose, when or where (but not that). We also use commas to separate the clause from the rest of the sentence.

commas

commas

commas

commas

Non defining relative clauses

Differences with defining relative clauses

1. In defining relative clauses, the pronouns who, whom, and which are often replaced by that in spoken English.
2. In non-defining relative clauses, you cannot replace other pronouns with that.
3. You also cannot leave out the relative pronoun in non-defining relative clauses, in the way you sometimes can in defining relative clauses.
4. The pronoun is required, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
5. Finally, non-defining relative clauses are always separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, unlike defining relative clauses, which have no punctuation.

that

Non defining relative clauses

which? where? when?

Places and timesWe can use which with a preposition to talk about places and times. In these cases it's more common to use where or when instead of which and the preposition. City Park, which we used to go to, has been closed down. (To go + to) City Park, where we used to go, has been closed down. December, which Christmas is celebrated in, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere. (We celebrated IN December) December, when Christmas is celebrated, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.However, when we use which without a preposition, we can't use where or when. Centre Park, which we love, is always really busy on Saturdays. February, which is my favourite month, lasts 29 days this year.

PRE-PO-SI-TION

Non defining relative clauses

The following relative pronouns are used in non-defining relative clauses. These relative pronouns appear at the start of the non-defining relative clause and refer to a noun that appears earlier in the sentence.

Non defining relative clauses

online activities

Defining and non defining relative clasuses

Modal and Modal Perfects

Review of tenses

Conditionals

TestEnglish

General

English exercises

TestEnglish +

Ego4u

Modals Perfect

Ejercicios Online

Modals Perfect 2

Defining

Grammar Bank

General 2

Non-Defining

Passive Voice

Verbs ING and Infinitive

Conditionals

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