ENGLISH CLAUSES
INDEX
1. Clause / Sentence
7. Video
2. Types of clauses
8. Timeline
3. Main / Subordinate
9. Mapa
10. Datos
4. Adjective/ Adjective clauses
11. Equipo
5. Defining /Non-defining Relative clauses
12. Gracias
6. Relative pronouns: Subject or Object?
WHAT IS A CLAUSE?
A clause is a group of words that has SUBJECT and PREDICATE.A clause is part of a sentence.
WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
A set of words that is complete by itself.Every sentence is made up of minimum one or more clauses.Ana bought a new cell phone. (One sentence, one clause) Ana bought a new cell phone because her old one didn´t work anymore. (One sentence, two clauses)
TYPES OF CLAUSES
*Independent / Main clauses *Dependent / Subordinate clauses:
- Adjective / Relative clauses
- Noun clauses
- Adverb clauses
INDEPENDENT / MAIN
DEPENDENT / SUBORDINATE
It is part of a sentence. It contains a subject and verb but does NOT convey COMPLETE SENSE. They are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning, it is joined to a main clause.
It expreses a COMPLETE THOUGHT in context and meaning. It contains a subject and verb.
vs
Relative or adjective clauses
WORD that describes or qualifies (give information about) a NOUN or PRONOUN.
ADJECTIVES
Ana is happy. / Ana, who is a teacher, lives in Mexico.
CLAUSE (subject + predicate) that FUNCTIONS as an adjective, so it describes or qualifies (give information about) a NOUN or PRONOUN in the main clause.
ADJECTIVE / RELATIVE CLAUSES
Robert is very tired. Robert worked all day. *Replace the noun (Robert) with a relative pronoun (depending if it is a person, thing, place, subject or object, etc.) so the second idea functions as an adjective. Robert is very tired - who worked all day. *Put the relative clause AFTER the noun it describes (in this case, Robert) Robert, who worked all day, is very tired. (Main clause / Relative clause)
Forming a relative clause
DEFINING vs NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OR OBJECT
VERB - SUBJECT If the relative pronoun is FOLLOWED by a VERB, the relative pronoun is a SUBJECT. The people live on the island. That people are very friendly. The people who live on the island are very friendly. The people are very friendly (main clause) / who live on the island (relative clause).
VERB - SUBJECT - OBJECTIf the relative pronoun is FOLLOWED by a NOUN or PRONOUN, the relative pronoun is the OBJECT. Henry bought a chocolate. Ana loved the chocolate. Ana loved the chocolate that Henry bought. VERB: Loved /Bought Who bought? Ana / Henry What did they buy/love? chocolate
Omit the relative pronoun
RELATIVE CLAUSES
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
Leave out: who, that, whichPAST PARTICIPLE - When the relative clause has a PASSIVE meaning.Omit: Relative pronoun & Be
- The elephant which was rescued by the volunteers can be released back into the wild. - Passive
- The elephant rescued by the volunteers can be released back into the wild.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE - When the relative clause has an ACTIVE or CONTINUOUS (simultaneous) meaning. Omit: Relative pronoun, Be in continuous tenses & use Verb + ing
- We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
- We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city.
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NOUN clauses
NOUNS
WORD used to identify or name any of a class of people, places, animals or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper noun).
What do you want to eat?Pizza is fine with me. / Whatever you want is fine with me.
CLAUSE (subject + predicate) that FUNCTIONS as a noun, so it identifies or names people, places, animals or things.
NOUN CLAUSES
1. Subject: What I had forgotten was that I had a test today.2. Direct Object (of the verb in the independent clause): You must choose which flavor of ice cream you want. 3. Indirect Object (of the verb in the independent clause): I will tell whoever will listen my frightening story. 4. Object of the Preposition: Josie is not interested in whatever Kyle says. 5. Subject Complement (follow linking verbs and describes or identifies the subject): Michael´s excuse was that he had forgotten to set his alarm. *Appositive: It seems to bother the teacher that all the students are being too quiet.
(That the students are being too quiet seems to bother the teacher. Note that the appositive renames It, but does not follow immediately like other appositives.)
FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSES
MARKERS
NOUN CLAUSES VIDEOS
ADVERB clauses
ENGLISH CLAUSES
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Transcript
ENGLISH CLAUSES
INDEX
1. Clause / Sentence
7. Video
2. Types of clauses
8. Timeline
3. Main / Subordinate
9. Mapa
10. Datos
4. Adjective/ Adjective clauses
11. Equipo
5. Defining /Non-defining Relative clauses
12. Gracias
6. Relative pronouns: Subject or Object?
WHAT IS A CLAUSE?
A clause is a group of words that has SUBJECT and PREDICATE.A clause is part of a sentence.
WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
A set of words that is complete by itself.Every sentence is made up of minimum one or more clauses.Ana bought a new cell phone. (One sentence, one clause) Ana bought a new cell phone because her old one didn´t work anymore. (One sentence, two clauses)
TYPES OF CLAUSES
*Independent / Main clauses *Dependent / Subordinate clauses:
INDEPENDENT / MAIN
DEPENDENT / SUBORDINATE
It is part of a sentence. It contains a subject and verb but does NOT convey COMPLETE SENSE. They are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning, it is joined to a main clause.
It expreses a COMPLETE THOUGHT in context and meaning. It contains a subject and verb.
vs
Relative or adjective clauses
WORD that describes or qualifies (give information about) a NOUN or PRONOUN.
ADJECTIVES
Ana is happy. / Ana, who is a teacher, lives in Mexico.
CLAUSE (subject + predicate) that FUNCTIONS as an adjective, so it describes or qualifies (give information about) a NOUN or PRONOUN in the main clause.
ADJECTIVE / RELATIVE CLAUSES
Robert is very tired. Robert worked all day. *Replace the noun (Robert) with a relative pronoun (depending if it is a person, thing, place, subject or object, etc.) so the second idea functions as an adjective. Robert is very tired - who worked all day. *Put the relative clause AFTER the noun it describes (in this case, Robert) Robert, who worked all day, is very tired. (Main clause / Relative clause)
Forming a relative clause
DEFINING vs NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OR OBJECT
VERB - SUBJECT If the relative pronoun is FOLLOWED by a VERB, the relative pronoun is a SUBJECT. The people live on the island. That people are very friendly. The people who live on the island are very friendly. The people are very friendly (main clause) / who live on the island (relative clause).
VERB - SUBJECT - OBJECTIf the relative pronoun is FOLLOWED by a NOUN or PRONOUN, the relative pronoun is the OBJECT. Henry bought a chocolate. Ana loved the chocolate. Ana loved the chocolate that Henry bought. VERB: Loved /Bought Who bought? Ana / Henry What did they buy/love? chocolate
Omit the relative pronoun
RELATIVE CLAUSES
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
Leave out: who, that, whichPAST PARTICIPLE - When the relative clause has a PASSIVE meaning.Omit: Relative pronoun & Be
- The elephant which was rescued by the volunteers can be released back into the wild. - Passive
- The elephant rescued by the volunteers can be released back into the wild.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE - When the relative clause has an ACTIVE or CONTINUOUS (simultaneous) meaning. Omit: Relative pronoun, Be in continuous tenses & use Verb + ingEscribe un título aquí
NOUN clauses
NOUNS
WORD used to identify or name any of a class of people, places, animals or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper noun).
What do you want to eat?Pizza is fine with me. / Whatever you want is fine with me.
CLAUSE (subject + predicate) that FUNCTIONS as a noun, so it identifies or names people, places, animals or things.
NOUN CLAUSES
1. Subject: What I had forgotten was that I had a test today.2. Direct Object (of the verb in the independent clause): You must choose which flavor of ice cream you want. 3. Indirect Object (of the verb in the independent clause): I will tell whoever will listen my frightening story. 4. Object of the Preposition: Josie is not interested in whatever Kyle says. 5. Subject Complement (follow linking verbs and describes or identifies the subject): Michael´s excuse was that he had forgotten to set his alarm. *Appositive: It seems to bother the teacher that all the students are being too quiet. (That the students are being too quiet seems to bother the teacher. Note that the appositive renames It, but does not follow immediately like other appositives.)
FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSES
MARKERS
NOUN CLAUSES VIDEOS
ADVERB clauses