SPACE RACE

T H E S P A C E R A C E

A D I F F E R E N T T Y P E O F W A R PRESENTED BY: DAVID ROVELO SEVILLA

T H E C O L D W A R

THE RIVALRY THAT CHANGED THE WORLD

T h e c o l d w a r

WAR CHANGES

The Cold War was a period of ideological and geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, after World War II.

TWO SIDES

USA

USSR

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a federal socialist state in Northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, in practice its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years.

The U.S. is a country of 50 states covering a vast swath of North America, with Alaska in the northwest and Hawaii extending the nation’s presence into the Pacific Ocean.

T H E R A C E S T A R T S

It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. It was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War adversaries, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve superior spaceflight capability.

It was such a rivalty between both sides that the spaceflight capability became an ideology at the time

The space race became a symbol of the political conquest between two enemy world powers. The way the two competitors arranged to achieve their goals showed their differences.

G o i n g i n t o o r b i t

THINKING LITERALLY OUTSIDE THE BOX

S P U T N I K

The soviets get ahead

FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE

The first launch took place on Friday, October 4, 1957 at exactly 10:28:34 pm Moscow time, with the R-7 and the now named Sputnik 1 satellite lifting off the launch pad and placing the artificial "moon" into an orbit a few minutes later.

BOTH SIDES START PLANNING

Uncrewed lunar probes and the first mammals to space

The Luna program began with three failed secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 7, 1959. In total, the Luna program landed one successful impactor out of six attempts;

The US and the USSR sent animals into space to determine the safety of the environment before sending the first humans. The USSR used dogs for this purpose, and the US used monkeys and apes.

FIRST HUMANS IN SPACE

First people to get in orbit

Alan Shepard

John Glenn

Yuri Gagarin

On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as "sailor of the universe".

On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launching in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. He was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing.

American Virgil "Gus" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962.

T I M E L I N E

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O N E S M A L L S T E P

FICTION BECOMES REAL

KENNEDY AIMS TO THE MOON

The key to win the race

Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs". Full text Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs" He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his "We choose to go to the Moon" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center facility.

FIRST CREWED SPACECRAFTS

Focus on the moon

Korolev's conversion of his surplus Vostok capsules to the Voskhod spacecraft allowed the Soviet space program to beat the Gemini program in achieving the first spaceflight with a multi-person crew, and the first "spacewalk". Gemini took a year longer than planned to make its first flight, so Voskhod 1 became the first spaceflight with a three-person crew on October 12, 1964.

Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-person spacecraft that would support the later three-person Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft.

DISASTER ANDRECOVER

Strikes both sides

On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission, Command Pilot Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Senior Pilot Ed White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test. On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems.

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HUMANS IN THE MOON

First humans to land in the moon

Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility.The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the launch day.

The first step was witnessed on live television by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people.[160] His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."

a n e w r a c e

HOW MUCH WE CAN RULE

COLD WAR ENDS

Space race changes

In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as détente, creating a temporary "thaw" in the Cold War. The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP).

l E G A C Y

The rivalry becomes one

After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the assets of the USSR's space program passed mainly to Russia. Since then, the United States and Russia have cooperated in space with the Shuttle-Mir Program, and the International Space Station (ISS). By landing humans on the Moon, the United States achieved what has been called the greatest technological achievement in human history,

N E W F R O N T I E R S

Spaceflight changes

THE RACE NEVER ENDS

Corporations, like SpaceX are starting to revolutionize the spaceflights, private flights and new spacecrafts in a future will take us further than everything we know.

T H A N K S